Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease
Περίληψη
Περίληψη
Η Δυσπεπτική Οξέωση (ΔΟ) θεωρείται η σημαντικότερη διατροφική νόσος των μηρυκαστικών με σοβαρές επιπτώσεις στην υγεία των ζώων και σημαντικές οικονομικές απώλειες σε εκτροφές αγελάδων και προβάτων. Η νόσος εμφανίζεται με οξεία ή υποξεία μορφή. Η υποξεία μορφή αποτελεί την κύρια διατροφική διαταραχή στην εντατική εκτροφή μηρυκαστικών και συχνά συνοδεύεται με σειρά επιπλοκών, όπως ηπατικά αποστήματα, μείωση λιποπεριεκτικότητας του γάλακτος, μείωση γαλακτοπαραγωγής και πρώιμη αξιοποίηση τους. Η δημοσίευση αποτελεί το πρώτο μέρος μιας ενδελεχούς ανασκόπησης. Το πρώτο μέρος εστιάζει στον ορισμό της ΔΟ, τους τύπους της νόσου, την επιδημιολογία τους και τις επιπτώσεις τους στην παραγωγικότητα και την ευζωία των εκτρεφόμενων ζώων.
Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
- Πώς να δημιουργήσετε Αναφορές
-
VOULGARAKIS, N., Gougoulis, D., Psalla, D., Papakonstantinou, G., Angelidou-Tsifida, M., Papatsiros, V., Athanasiou, L., & Christodoulopoulos, G. (2023). Ruminal Acidosis Part I: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology and impact of the disease. Περιοδικό της Ελληνικής Κτηνιατρικής Εταιρείας, 74(3), 5883–5891. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.31237
- Τεύχος
- Τόμ. 74 Αρ. 3 (2023)
- Ενότητα
- Review Articles
Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το CC Αναφορά Δημιουργού – Μη Εμπορική Χρήση 4.0.
Οι συγγραφείς των άρθρων που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατηρούν τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας επί των άρθρων τους, δίνοντας στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης.
Άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατίθενται με άδεια Creative Commons 4.0 Non Commercial και σύμφωνα με την άδεια μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται ελεύθερα, με αναφορά στο/στη συγγραφέα και στην πρώτη δημοσίευση για μη κερδοσκοπικούς σκοπούς.
Οι συγγραφείς μπορούν να καταθέσουν το άρθρο σε ιδρυματικό ή άλλο αποθετήριο ή/και να το δημοσιεύσουν σε άλλη έκδοση, με υποχρεωτική την αναφορά πρώτης δημοσίευσης στο J Hellenic Vet Med Soc
Οι συγγραφείς ενθαρρύνονται να καταθέσουν σε αποθετήριο ή να δημοσιεύσουν την εργασία τους στο διαδίκτυο πριν ή κατά τη διαδικασία υποβολής και αξιολόγησής της.
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Abaker JA, Xu TL, Jin D, Chang GJ, Zhang K, Shen XZ (2017) Lipo
polysaccharide derived from the digestive tract provokes oxidative
stress in the liver of dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. J Dairy Sci
:666−678.
Abdela N (2016) Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) and its Conse
quence in Dairy Cattle: A Review of Past and Recent Research at
Global Prospective. Achiev Life Sci 10:2:187-196.
Antanaitis R, Juozaitienė V, Malašauskienė D, Televičius M (2020) Inline
Reticulorumen pH as an Indicator of Cows Reproduction and Health
Status. Sensors (Basel) 20:(4):1022.
Aschenbach JR, Penner GB, Stumpff F, Gabel G (2011) Ruminant Nutri
tion Symposium: Role of fermentation acid absorption in the regula
tion of ruminal pH. J Anim Sci 89:1092-1107.
Aslan V, Thamsborg SM, Jorgensen RJ, Bassel A (1995) Induced Acute
Ruminal Acidosis in Goats Treated with Yeast (Saccharomyces cere
visiae) and Bicarbonate. Acta Vet Scand 36:65-77.
Atkinson O (2014) Prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on
UK dairy farms. Cattle Pract 22:(1):1-9.
Bacha FB, Pupin RC, Leal PV, Carvalho NM, Franco GL, Ítavo CCBF,
Riet-Correa F, Lemos RAA (2017) Experimental poisoning by En
terolobium contortisiliquum in sheep. Pesqui Vet Bras 37:(1):23-30.
Bilal MS, Abaker JA, Aabdin ZU, Xu T, Dai H, Zhang K, Liu X, Shen X
(2016) Lipopolysaccharide derived from the digestive tract triggers
an inflammatory response in the uterus of mid-lactating dairy cows
during SARA. BMC Vet Res 12:(1):284.
Blanch M, Calsamiglia S, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Muetzel S, Wal
lace RJ (2009) Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during
acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal anti
body preparation in heifers. J Anim Sci 87:1722-1730.
Bramley E, Lean IJ, Fulkerson WJ, Stevenson MA, Rabiee AR, Costa ND
(2008) The definition of acidosis in dairy herds predominantly fed on
pasture and concentrates. J Dairy Sci 91:308-321.
Brzozowska AM, Sloniewski K, Oprzadek J, Sobiech P, Kowalski ZM
(2013) Why are dairy cows not able to cope with the subacute ruminal
acidosis?. Pol J Vet Sci 16:4:813-821.
Calsamiglia S, Blanch M, Ferret A, Moya D (2012) “Is subacute rumi
nal acidosis a pH related problem? Causes and tools for its control”.
Anim Feed Sci Technol 172:(1-2):42-50.
Chang G, Zhuang S, Seyfert HM, Zhang K, Xu T, Jin D, Guo J, Shen X
(2015) Hepatic TLR4 signaling is activated by LPS from digestive
tract during SARA, and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to en
forced TLR4 expression. Oncotarget 6:36.
Chaudhry AS, Khan MA, Khan MS, Ashraf K, Saleem MH, Khan NU,
Usman T, Ahmad I (2018) Effect of different level of concentrate
feeding on hematobiochemical parameters in an experimentally
induced sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in sheep and its man
agement with different concentration of antacids. J Anim Plant Sci
:(1):80-84:1018-7081.
Church DC (1991) Livestock Feeds and Feeding, third ed Prentice-Hall
Inc USA 349 pp.
Colman E, Waegeman W, De Baets B, Fievez V (2015) Prediction of sub
acute ruminal acidosis based on milk fatty acids: a comparison of
linear discriminant and support vector machine approaches for model
development. Comput Electron Agric 111:179-85.
Commun L, Mialon MM, Martin C, Baumont R, Veissier I (2009) Risk of
subacute ruminal acidosis in sheep with separate access to forage and
concentrate. J Anim Sci 87:3372-3379.
Commun L, Silberberg M, Mialon MM, Martin C, Veissier I (2012) Be
havioural adaptations of sheep to repeated acidosis challenges and
effect of yeast supplementation. Anim 6:2011-2022.
Constable PD (2010) Grain overload in ruminants. The Merck Veterinary
Manual 10th ed (Khan C, Ed) Merck &Co Inc Whitehouse USA
pp:200-203.
Cook NB, Oetzel GR, Nordlund KV (2005) Clinical forum-subacute ru
minal acidosis-a problem in UK dairy herds?. UK Vet 10:40-46.
Danscher AM, Li S, Andersen PH, Khafipour E, Kristensen NB, Plaizier
JC (2015) Indicators of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in
Danish Holstein cows. Acta Vet Scand 57:(1):39.
Dehkordi AJ, Dehkordi ZK (2011) Occurrence of metabolic alkalosis in
rumen lactic acidosis: a review article. Comp Clin Pathol 20:(1):1-3.
Desnoyers M, Duvaux-Ponter C, Rigalma K, Roussel S, Martin O,
Giger-Reverdin S (2008) Effect of concentrate percentage on ruminal
pH and time-budget in dairy goats. Anim 2:12:1802-1808.
DeVries TJ, Beauchemin KA, Dohme F, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS
(2009) Repeated ruminal acidosis challenges in lactating dairy cows
at high and low risk for developing acidosis: feeding, ruminating, and
lying behaviour. J Dairy Sci 92:5067-5078.
Doreau M, Ollier A, Michalet-Doreau B (2001) An atypical case of rumi
nal fermentations leading to ketosis in early lactating cows. Rev Med
Vet (Toulouse) 152:301-306.
Edwards A (1996) Respiratory diseases of feedlot cattle in central USA.
Bovine Practitioner 0:30:5-7.
Enemark JMD (2008) The monitoring, prevention and treatment of sub
acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review. Vet J 176:1:32-43.
Enemark JMD, Jørgensen RJ, Enemark P (2002) Rumen acidosis with
special emphasis on diagnostic aspects of subclinical rumen acidosis:
a review. Vet ir Zootech 20:(42):16-29.
Fanning JP, Hynd PI, Cockcroft PD (2018) The relative roles of the rumi
nal fluid and epithelium in the aetiology of ruminal acidosis. Small
Rumin Res 162:57-62.
Fartashvand M, Haji-Sadeghi Y (2018) Evaluation of serum cardiac bio
markers in sheep with acute lactic acidosis. J Hell Vet Medical Soc
:(2):219-224.
Gao X, Oba M (2014) Relationship of severity of subacute ruminal acido
sis to rumen fermentation, chewing activities, sorting behavior, and
milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a high-grain diet. J Dairy
Sci 97(5):3006-16.
Giger-Reverdin S (2018) Recent advances in the understanding of sub
acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in goats, with focus on the link to
feeding behaviour. Small Rumin Res 163:24-28.
Giger-Reverdin S, Lebarbier E, Duvaux-Ponter C, Desnoyers M (2012) A
new segmentation-clustering method to analyse feeding behaviour of
ruminants from within-day cumulative intake patterns. Comput Elec
tron Agric 83:109-116.
Giger-Reverdin S, Rigalma K, Desnoyers M, Sauvant D, Duvaux-Ponter
C (2014) Effect of concentrate level on feeding behavior and rumen
and blood parameters in dairy goats: Relationships between behav
ioral and physiological parameters and effect of between-animal vari
ability. J Dairy Sci 97:4367-4378.
Gruenberg W, Constable P (2009) Function and Dysfunction of the Ru
minant Forestomach. in Current Veterinary Therapy Elsevier Inc pp.
-19.
Hollmann M, Miller I, Hummel K, Sabitzer S, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Raz
zazi-Fazeli E, Zebeli Q (2013) Downregulation of Cellular Protective
Factors of Rumen Epithelium in Goats Fed High Energy Diet. PLoS
ONE 8(12):e81602.
Ismail M, Mahmound A, Nasr M, Badr Y (2010) Clinical and laborato
ry studies on experimentally induced acute ruminal lactic acidosis in
male goats. Alex J Vet Sci 31:53-62.
Jasmin BH, Boston RC, Modesto RB, Schaer TP (2011) Perioperative ru
minal pH changes in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) housed in a biomed
ical research setting. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 50:(1):27-32.
Jiang XY, Ni YD, Zhang SK, Zhan YS, Shen XZ (2014) Identification
of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Liver in Response to Sub
acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Induced by High-concentrate Diet.
Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 27:8:1181-1188.
Kawas JR, Garcıa-Castillo R, Fimbres-Durazo H, Garza-Cazares F, Her
nandez-Vidal JFG, Olivares-Saenz E, Lu CD (2007) Effects of sodi
um bicarbonate and yeast on nutrient intake, digestibility, and ruminal
fermentation of light-weight lambs fed finishing diets. Small Rumin
Res 67:149-156.
Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC (2009) Alfalfa pellet-induced sub acute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows increases bacterial endotoxin in
the rumen without causing inflammation. J Dairy Sci 92:1712-1724.
Kitkas GC, Valergakis GE, Karatzias H, Panousis N (2013) Subacute ru
minal acidosis: prevalence and risk factors in Greek dairy herds. Iran
J. Vet. Res. 14:183-189.
Kitkas GC, Valergakis GE, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Gelasakis A, Ar
senos G, Kalaitzakis E, Panousis (2019) Effects of ruminal pH and
subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein
cows in different stages of lactation. J Hell Vet Med 70:1551-1560.
Kleen JL, Cannizzo C (2012) Incidence, prevalence and impact of SARA
in dairy herds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 172:4-8.
Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J, Noordhuizen JP (2003) Subacute rumi
nal acidosis (SARA): A review. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med
:406-414.
Kleen JL, Upgang L, Rehage J (2013) Prevalence and consequences of
subacute ruminal acidosis in German dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand
:48.
Krause KM, Oetzel GR (2006) Understanding and preventing subacute
ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol
:215-236.
Krotkova AP (1959) Effect of sugar beet on acidosis in the ruminant. Zhi
notnovodstvo 7:63-64.
Lean IJ, Annison F, Bramley E, Browning G, Cusack P, Farquharson B,
Little S, Nandapi D (2007) Ruminal Acidosis- aetiopahtogenesis,
prevention and treatment: A review for veterinarians and nutritional
professionals. Reference Advisory Group on Fermentative Acidosis
of Ruminants (RAGFAR) A V Association ed Blackwell Publishing
Asia Pty Ltd Carlton Vic Australia pp. 1-60.
Lettat A, Nozière P, M Silberberg, Morgavi P, Berger C, Martin C (2010)
Experimental feed induction of ruminal lactic, propionic, or butyric
acidosis in sheep. J Anim Sci 88:3041-3046.
Lettat A, Nozière P, Silberberg M, Morgavi DP, Berger C, Martin C (2012)
Rumen microbial and fermentation characteristics are affected differ
ently by bacterial probiotic supplementation during induced lactic
and subacute acidosis in sheep. BMC Microbiol 12:142.
Li F, Cao Y, Liu N, Yang X, Yao J, Yan D (2014) Subacute ruminal aci
dosis challenge changed in situ degradability of feedstuffs in dairy
goats. J Dairy Sci 97:5101-5109.
Li S, Gozho G, Gakhar N, Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC (2012)
Evaluation of diagnostic measures for subacute ruminal acidosis in
dairy cows. Can J Anim Sci 92:353-364.
Lira MAA, Simões SVD, Riet-Correa F, Pessoa CMR, Dantas AFM, Mi
randa Neto EG (2013) Diseases of the digestive system of sheep and
goats in the semiarid region of Brazil. Pesqui Vet Bras 33:(2):193
Lopez-Campos O΄, Bodas R, Prieto N, Giraldez FJ, Perez V, Andres S
(2010) Naringin dietary supplementation at 0.15% rates does not pro
vide protection against sub-clinical acidosis and does not affect the re
sponses of fattening lambs to road transportation. Anim 4:6:958-964.
Maekawa M, Beauchemin KA, Christensen DA (2002) Effect of con
centrate level and feeding management on chewing activities, sali
va production, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci
:(5):1165-75.
Mahmood AK, Khan MS, Khan MA, Kahn MA, Bilal M, Farooq U (2013)
Lactic Acidosis in Goats: Prevalence, Intra-ruminal and Haematolog
ical investigations. J Anim Plant Sci 23:(6):1527-1531.
McCann JC, Luan S, Cardoso FC, Derakhshani H, Khafipour E, Loor JJ
(2016) Induction of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis Affects the Ruminal
Microbiome and Epithelium. Front Microbiol 7:701.
Meyer NF, Bryant TC (2017) Diagnosis and Management of Rumen Ac
idosis and Bloat in Feedlots. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract
:(3):481-498.
Minuti A, Ahmed S, Trevisi E, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Bertoni G, Jahan N,
Bani P (2014) Experimental acute rumen acidosis in sheep: Conse
quences on clinical, rumen, and gastrointestinal permeability condi
tions and blood chemistry. J Anim Sci published online July 1.
Nagaraja TG, Lechtenberg KF (2007) Acidosis in feedlot cattle. Vet Clin
Food Anim Pract 23:333-350.
Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC (2007) Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: the
current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci 90(E.
Suppl.):E17-E38.
Nocek JE (1997) Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci
:1005-1028.
Nour MMS, Abusamra MT, Hago BED (1998) Experimentally induced
lactic acidosis in Nubian goats: Clinical, biochemical and pathologi
cal investigations. Small Rumin Res 31:7±17.
Odongo NE, Alzahal O, Lindenger MI, Duffield TF, Valdes EV, Terrell SP,
McBride BW (2006) Effects of mild heat stress and grain challenge
on acid-base balance and rumen tissue histology in lambs. J Anim
Sci 84:447-455.
Oetzel GR (2003) Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. Advances in
Dairy Cattle 15:307-317.
Oetzel GR (2017) Diagnosis and Management of Subacute Ruminal Aci
dosis in Dairy Herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 33:3:463
Oliveira DM, Medeiros JMA, Assis ACO, Neves AB, Galiza GJN, Simões
SVD, Dantas AFM, Riet-Correa F (2009) Acidose láctica ruminal
agu-da em caprinos. Ciênc Anim Bras 117-122.
Petzold M, Meyer U, Spilke J, Danicke S (2014) Using rumen probes to
examine effects of conjugated linoleic acids and dietary concentrate
proportion on rumen pH and rumen temperature of periparturient
dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 98:785-796.
Plaizier JC, Li S, Tun HM, Khafipour E (2017) Nutritional models of
experimentally-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) differ in
their impact on rumen and hindgut bacterial communities in dairy
cows. Front Microbiol 7:2128.
Ploger S, Stumpff F, Penner GB, Schulzke JD, Gabel G, Martens H (2012)
Microbial butyrate and its role for barrier function in the gastrointesti
nal tract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1258: 52-59.
Pupin RC, Leal PV, Lima SC, Melo GKA, Pott A, Araújo MA, Barros
CSL, Lemos RAA (2017) Enterolobium contortisiliquum is a cause
of acute ruminal acidosis in sheep. Toxicon 126:90-95.
Rahman MdM, Islam MS, Adam GO, Alam MdR, You MJ (2014) Preva
lence of ruminal lactic acidosis and clinical assessments of four ther
apeutics in goats of Bangladesh. J Vet Clin 31:0-6.
Reis LF, Araujo CASC, Sousa RS, Minervino AHH, Oliveira FLC, Ro
drigues FAML, Meira-Júnior EBS, Barrêto Júnior RA, Mori CS, Or
tolani EL (2018) Prevention of acute ruminal lactic acidosis in sheep
by probiotic or monensin supplementation: clinical aspects. Semin
Cienc Agrar 39:4:1575-1584.
Reis LF, Minervino AHH, Araújo CASC, Sousa RS, Oliveira FLC, Ro
drigues FAML, Meira-Júnior EBS, Barrêto-Júnior RA, Mori CS, Or
tolani EL (2014) Comparison of Rumen Fluid pH by Continuous Te
lemetry System and Bench pH Meter in Sheep with Different Ranges
of Ruminal pH. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientific World
Journal Volume, Article ID 195782, 4 pages.
Ribeiro ACS, Conceição AI, Soares GSL, Correia FR, Oliveira-Filho JP,
Soaresd PS, Mendonça CL, Afonso JAB (2020) Hemogasometry, car
diac biomarkers and blood metabolites in goats with experimentally
induced acute ruminal lactic acidosis. Small Rumin Res 191:106187.
Sabes AF, Girardi AM, Fagliari JJ, Oliveira JA, Marques LC (2017) Se
rum proteinogram in sheep with acute ruminal lactic acidosis. Int J
Vet Sci Med 5:1:35-40.
Shen Y, Zhao F, Yu L, Yang W, Wang M, Wang H (2019a) Starch sourc
es and concentration in diet of dairy goats affected ruminal pH and
fermentation, and inflammatory response. Anim Prod Sci 59:9:1640
Shen YZ, Ding LY, Chen LM, Xu JH, Zhao R, Yang WZ, Wang HR, Wang
MZ (2019b) Feeding corn grain steeped in citric acid modulates ru
men fermentation and inflammatory responses in dairy goats. Anim
:2:301-308.
Shu Q, Gill HS, Leng RA, Rowe JB (2000) Immunization with Strepto
coccus bovis vaccine administered by different routes against lactic
acidosis in sheep. Vet J 159:262-269.
Smith BP (2009) Large animal internal medicine: diseases of the alimen
tary system. In: Murray MJ, Guard C editors. Large animal internal
medicine 4th ed New York (NY): Mosby.
Snyder E, Credille B (2017) Diagnosis and treatment of clinical rumen
acidosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 33:(3):451-461.
Steele MA, AlZahal O, Hook SE, Croom J, McBride BW (2009) Ruminal
acidosis and the rapid onset of ruminal parakeratosis in a mature dairy
cow: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 51:39.
Steele MA, Croom J, Kahler M, AlZahal O, Hook SE, Plaizier K, Mc
Bride BW (2011) Bovine rumen epithelium undergoes rapid structur
al adaptations during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis. Am J
Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:6:1515-1523.
Stefańska B, Nowak W, Komisarek J, Taciak M , Barszcz M, Skomiał J
(2016) Prevalence and consequence of subacute ruminal acidosis in
polish dairy herds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 101(4):694-702.
Stock R (2000) Acidosis in cattle: an overview. In: Proceedings of the
rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine
Practitioners, Rapid City USA pp. 30-37.
Stock R, Britton RL (1996) Acidosis. NebGuide, University of Nebras
ka-Lincoln. October 1995 <http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/ animaldis
ease/g1047.htm> (assessed 27.11.99).
Suárez VH, Busetti MR (2009) Health management practices and dis
ease prevalence in dairy sheep systems in Argentina. Pesqui Vet Bras
(11):931-937.
Tadepalli S, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG
(2009) Fusobacterium necrophorum: A ruminal bacterium that in
vades liver to cause abscesses in cattle. Anaerobe 15:36-43.
Taghipoor M, Delattre M, Giger-Reverdin S (2020) A novel modelling
approach to quantify the response of dairy goats to a high-concentrate
diet. Sci Rep 10:20376.
Tian P, Luo Y, Li X, Tian J, Tao D, Hua C, Geng Y, Ni Y, Zhao R (2017)
Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating
goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene ex
pression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland. J Anim Sci
Biotechnol 8:74.
Vasconcelos JT, Galyean ML (2008) ASAS centennial paper: contribu
tions in the Journal of Animal Science to understanding cattle meta
bolic and digestive disorders. J Anim Sci 86:1711-1721.
Wales WJ, Williams YJ, Doyle PT (2001) Effect of grain supplementation
and the provision of chemical or physical fibre on marginal milk pro
duction responses of cows grazing perennial ryegrass pastures. Aust
J Exp Agric 41:465-71.
Wang K, Zheng M, Ren A, Zhou C, Yan Q, Tan Z, Zhang P, Yi K (2019)
Effects of High Rice Diet on Growth Performance, Nutrients Ap
parent Digestibility, Nitrogen Metabolism, Blood Parameters and
Rumen Fermentation in Growing Goats. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg
:(6):749-755.
White BH, Clayton EH, Friend MA (2014) The effect of mechanical pro
cessing of wheaten straw on intake and rumen parameters following
grain feeding in sheep. Anim Prod Sci 54:1455-1459.
Wiryawan KG, Brooker JD (1995) Probiotic control of lactate accumula
tion in acutely grain-fed sheep. Aust J Agric Res 46:1555-68.
Xu C, Shen T, Yang W, Yu H, Gao S, Huang B (2016) The effect of sub
acute ruminal acidosis of dairy cows on productivity, digestibility and
greenhouse gas emission. J Agric Sci 8:92.
Xu T, Tao H, Chang G, Zhang K, Xu L, Shen X (2015) Lipopolysaccha
ride derived from the rumen down-regulates stearoyl-CoA desaturase
expression and alters fatty acid composition in the liver of dairy
cows fed a high-concentrate diet. BMC Vet Res 11:52.
Yansari AT, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Christensen DA, Yu P, Shahroodi
FE (2004) Effects of alfalfa particle size and specific gravity on chew
ing activity, digestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows. J
Dairy Sci 87:3912-3924.
Zhang H, Peng AL, Zhao FF, Yu LH, Wang MZ, Osorio JS, Wang HR
(2020) Thiamine ameliorates inflammation of the ruminal epithelium
of Saanen goats suffering from subacute ruminal acidosis. J Dairy Sci
:1931-1943.
