Effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), organic acid, probiotic and prebiotic on carcass characteristics and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens fed with normal and low protein diets

PDF (English)
Publiée : Οκτ 18, 2023
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.31069
A Ahmadzadeh
Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Iran
A Nobakht
Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch, Maragheh, Iran
Résumé

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of thyme, organic acid, probiotic and prebiotic on carcass characteristics and intestinal microbial microflora in broiler chicks in normal and low protein diets. A total of 388 Ross 308 broilers were equally assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were; 1: control, 2: thyme extract (2 kg/ton), 3: organic acid (3 kg/ton), 4: probiotics (50 g/ton) and 5: prebiotics (2 kg/ton) with normal and reduced protein levels (10% lower than usual). At d 42, two chicks per replicate were randomly chosen, slaughtered and carcass percentage and carcass components percentage including a thigh, breast, liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, bursa of fabricius, abdominal fat, and intestine were determined for live weight. The results showed that using a diet with a normal level of crude protein compared to a diet with a level of crude protein lower than usual, increased the percentage of spleen and heart of chickens (P<0.05). It seems that there is a close relationship between the percentage of fat in the abdominal cavity and the ratio of energy to protein in the diet. Also, there were no significant differences between treatments and their interactions about pH content of ileum of broilers (P > 0.05). Besides, the bacterial population of ileum of treated broilers had different behavior. The ileum bacteria improved with probiotic addition and it was predictable because of beneficial bacteria inclusion to diet. Comparing the means for litter traits, no significant differences were observed between the experimental treatments with each other and with the control group (P>0.05). Totally, before the common use of additives in different types of diets of poultry nutrition, thorough investigations should be carried out on mechanisms, compatibility with other components of the diet and safety evaluation.

Article Details
  • Rubrique
  • Research Articles
Creative Commons License

Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Saadony, M.T., Shafi, M.E., Alshahrani, O.A.,
Saghir, S.A., Al-Wajeeh, A.S., Al-Shargi, O.Y., Taha, A.E., Mesalam,
N.M. and Abdel-Moneim, A.M.E., 2021. Prebiotics can restrict Sal
monella populations in poultry: a review. Animal Biotechnology,
pp.1-10.
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2007. Mois
ture relationships of plant-based agricultural products.In: ASABE
Standards. 54th ed. American Society of Agricultural and Biological
Engineers, St. Joseph, MI. pp. 596-612.
Belali, M., Seidavi, A., Bouyeh, M., Gorlov, I.F., Slozhenkina, M.I., Mo
solov, A.A., Ramírez, L.S., Tirado-González, D.N., Cuevas-Barragán,
C.E. and Cipriano-Salazar, M., 2022. Substantiable bioconversion of
the aromatic plant extracts biomass as feed additives in broiler per
formance: effects and prefeasibility comparison of thyme (Thymus
vulgaris). Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, pp.1-13.
Bhogoju, S. and Nahashon, S., 2022. Recent Advances in Probiotic Appli
cation in Animal Health and Nutrition: A Review. Agriculture, 12(2),
p.304.
Bouyahya, A., Chamkhi, I., Balahbib, A., Rebezov, M., Shariati, M.A.,
Wilairatana, P., Mubarak, M.S., Benali, T. and El Omari, N., 2022.
Mechanisms, anti-quorum-sensing actions, and clinical trials of me
dicinal plant bioactive compounds against bacteria: a comprehensive
review. Molecules, 27(5), p.1484.
Brzoska, F. and Stecka, K., 2007. Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and acid
ifier on the body weight of broiler chickens, feed conversion, and
carcass and meat composition. Annals of animal science, 7(2).
Cho, S., McMillan, E.A., Barrett, J.B., Hiott, L.M., Woodley, T.A., House,
S.L., Frye, J.G. and Jackson, C.R., 2022. Distribution and Transfer
of Plasmid Replicon Families among Multidrug-Resistant Entero
coccus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Poultry. Microorgan
isms, 10(6), p.1244.
Furuse, M. and Yokota, H., 1985. Effect of the gut microflora on chick
growth and utilisation of protein and energy at different concentra
tions of dietary protein. British Poultry Science, 26(1), pp.97-104.
Garcia, V., Catala-Gregori, P., Hernandez, F., Megias, M.D. and Madrid,
J., 2007. Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient
digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broil
ers. Journal of applied poultry research, 16(4), pp.555-562.
Giannenas, I., Florou-Paneri, P., Papazahariadou, M., Christaki, E., Bot
soglou, N.A. and Spais, A.B., 2003. Effect of dietary supplementation
with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experi
mental infection with Eimeria tenella. Archives of Animal Nutri
tion, 57(2), pp.99-106.
Hashemi SR and Davoodi H., 2010. Phytogenic as new class of feed addi
tive in poultry industry. Journal of Animal Veterinary Advances, 17:
-2304.
Hernandez, F., Madrid, J., Garcia, V., Orengo, J. and Megias, M.D., 2004.
Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility,
and digestive organ size. Poultry science, 83(2), pp.169-174.
Humphrey, B.D., Koutsos, E.A. and Klasing, K.C., 2002. Requirements
and priorities of the immune system for nutrients. Nutritional Bio
technology in the Feed and Food Industries, pp.69-77.
Jamroz, D., Orda, J., Kamel, C., Wiliczkiewicz, A., Wertelecki, T. and
Skorupińska, J., 2003. The influence of phytogenic extracts on per
formance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut mi
crobial status in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Feed Scienc
es, 12(3), pp.583-596.
Kamran, Z., Sarwar, M., Nisa, M., Nadeem, M.A., Mahmood, S., Babar,
M.E. and Ahmed, S., 2008. Effect of low-protein diets having con
stant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass character
istics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age. Poultry
Science, 87(3), pp.468-474.
Kamran, Z.A.H.I.D., Sarwar, M.U.H.A.M.M.A.D., Nisa, M.U., Nadeem,
M.A. and Mahmood, S., 2010. Effect of low levels of dietary crude
protein with constant metabolizable energy on nitrogen excretion,
litter composition and blood parameters of broilers. Int. J. Agric.
Biol, 12, pp.401-405.
Kobayashi, H., Nakashima, K., Ishida, A., Ashihara, A. and Katsumata,
M., 2013. Effects of low protein diet and low protein diet supple
mented with synthetic essential amino acids on meat quality of broiler
chickens. Animal Science Journal, 84(6), pp.489-495.
Langhout, P., 2000. New additives for broiler chickens. World poul
try, 16(3), pp.22-27.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R. and Beynen,
A.C., 2003. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth per
formance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler
chickens. British poultry science, 44(3), pp.450-457.
Li, Y., Kang, X., Ed-Dra, A., Zhou, X., Jia, C., Müller, A., Liu, Y., Kehren
berg, C. and Yue, M., 2022. Genome-Based Assessment of Antimi
crobial Resistance and Virulence Potential of Isolates of Non-Pullo
rum/Gallinarum Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Dead Poultry
in China. Microbiology spectrum, pp.e00965-22.
Li, Z., Li, X., Cai, Z., Jin, G., Ahn, D.U. and Huang, X., 2022. Immuno
modulatory Effects of Chicken Soups Prepared with the Native Cage
free Chickens and the Commercial Caged Broilers. Poultry Science,
p.102053.
Lihua C, Ying Y, Yifu L and Lei C., 2007. Effects of oregano oil on growth
performance and carcass quality of broilers. Poultry Science, 29: 9-11.
Lillehoj, H.S. and Trout, J.M., 1996. Avian gut-associated lymphoid tis
sues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites. Clinical
microbiology reviews, 9(3), pp.349-360.
Manzanilla, E.G., Baucells, F., Kamel, C., Morales, J., Perez, J.F. and
Gasa, J., 2001. Effects of plant extracts on the performance and lower
gut microflora of early weaned piglets. J. Anim. Sci., Suppl, 1, p.473.
Nukreaw, R., Bunchasak, C., Markvichitr, K., Choothesa, A., Prasanpan
ich, S. and Loongyai, W., 2011. Effects of methionine supplementa
tion in low-protein diets and subsequent re-feeding on growth perfor
mance, liver and serum lipid profile, body composition and carcass
quality of broiler chickens at 42 days of age. The Journal of Poultry
Science, 48(4), pp.229-238.
Ocak, N., Erener, G., Burak Ak, F., Sungu, M., Altop, A. and Ozmen, A.,
Performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with dry pep
permint (Mentha piperita L.) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves
as growth promoter source. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 53(4),
p.169.
Palangi, V. 2021. In situ ruminal degradation of sallow tree leaves using
different mathematical models. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 26(3). e2170.
https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.2170
Pelicano, E.R.L., Souza, P.D., Souza, H.D., Figueiredo, D.F., Boiago,
M.M., Carvalho, S.R. and Bordon, V.F., 2005. Intestinal mucosa de
velopment in broiler chickens fed natural growth promoters. Brazil
ian Journal of Poultry Science, 7, pp.221-229.
Pesti GM, Miller BR., 1993. Animal feed formulation: economic and
computer applications. Springer- Netherlands, Heidelberg, Germany.
Pliego, A.B., Tavakoli, M., Khusro, A., Seidavi, A., Elghandour, M.M.,
Salem, A.Z., Márquez-Molina, O. and Rene Rivas-Caceres, R., 2022.
Beneficial and adverse effects of medicinal plants as feed supple
ments in poultry nutrition: A review. Animal Biotechnology, 33(2),
pp.369-391.
Raza, Q.S., Saleemi, M.K., Gul, S., Irshad, H., Fayyaz, A., Zaheer, I.,
Tahir, M.W., Fatima, Z., Chohan, T.Z., Imran, M. and Ali, H., 2022.
Role of essential oils/volatile oils in poultry production—A review on
present, past and future contemplations. Agrobiol. Rec, 7, pp.40-56.
Rezaei, M., Moghaddam, H.N., Reza, J.P. and Kermanshahi, H., 2004.
The effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on broiler perfor
mance, carcass characteristics and N excretion. International Journal
of Poultry Science, 3(2), pp.148-152.
Sahraei, M. and Sharjatmadarjº, F., 2007. Effect of Different Levels of
Diet Dilution During Finisher Period. International Journal of Poul
try Science, 6(4), pp.280-282.
Samadian, F., Zeinoaldini, S., Towhidi, A., Torshizi, M.A.K., Pirasaraei,
Z.A. and Gholamzadeh, P., 2013. Evaluation of some phytogenic feed
additives in growing chicks diet. International Journal of Agricul
ture, 3(1), p.35.
Sarica, S., Ciftci, A., Demir, E., Kilinc, K. and Yildirim, Y., 2005. Use
of an antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed addi
tives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler
diets. South African Journal of Animal Science, 35(1), pp.61-72.
Sharifi, M.R., Khajali, F., Hassanpour, H., Pour-Reza, J. and Pirany, N.,
L-arginine supplementation of reduced-protein diets improves
pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens reared at high
altitude. British Poultry Science, 56(4), pp.470-476.
Shi, S., Liu, J., Dong, J., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Feng, J. and Zhou, D., 2022.
Research progress on the regulation mechanism of probiotics on the
microecological flora of infected intestines in livestock and poul
try. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 74(5), pp.647-655.
Siyadati, S.A., Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A. and Ghazvinian, K., 2011. Effect
of varying ratio of energy and protein on live performance and viscer
al organs of male Japanese quail. Annals of Biological research, 2(2),
pp.137-144.
Tschirch, H., 2000. Use of natural plant extracts as productive enhancers
in modern animal rearing practices. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rol
niczej we Wroclawiu. Konferencje (Poland).
Van der Klis, J.D. and Jansman, A.J.M., 2002. Optimising nutrient diges
tion, absorption and gut barrier function in monogastrics: Reality or
illusion. Nutrition and health of the gastrointestinal tract. Wagenin
gen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp.15-36.
Viola, E.S. and Vieira, S.L., 2007. Supplementation of organic and inor
ganic acidifiers in diets for broiler chickens: performance and intesti
nal morphology. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 36, pp.1097-1104.
Wang, X., Zhuo, Q., Hong, Y., Wu, Y., Gu, Q., Yuan, D., Dong, Q. and
Shao, J., 2022. Correlation between Multilocus Sequence Typing and
Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Potential of Campylobacter jejuni
Isolates from Poultry Meat. Foods, 11(12), p.1768.
Zhang, L., Zhang, R., Jia, H., Zhu, Z., Li, H. and Ma, Y., 2021. Supple
mentation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance,
carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler
chickens. Open Life Sciences, 16(1), pp.311-322.
Articles les plus lus par le même auteur ou la même autrice