The impact of prison type on prisoners’ aggression and mental health in greek prisons
Published:
Jun 15, 2017
Keywords:
Aggression Anxiety Depression Mental health Prison environment Prison type
Abstract
Prisons differ in the degree of autonomy they provide to inmates. The objective of this study is to measure the impact of the prison environment, as reflected in the prison types, on prisoners’ self-reported aggression and mental health. This question becomes even more relevant since the recent bill opposing the set-up of a Type-C maximum security prison in Greece. The hypothesis is that the greater the degree of "security" (i.e., closed and judicial prisons being of a higher level of security compared with rural), the more likely the prisoners will be to exhibit aggression or poorer mental health. To test this hypothesis, a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was used with prisoners’ age and imprisonment years as covariates. Prison type had a statistically significant effect on hostility and verbal aggression (with the highest levels recorded in the judicial prisons) and on depression (with lower levels in the rural prisons). In contrast, the effect of prison type on anger-physical aggression and anxiety was not significant. The results underline the importance of the prison environment and the need
for further strengthening of the rural prisons that will help minimize the physical and psychological risks for the inmates.
Article Details
- How to Cite
-
Μπαμπάσικας Κ. (2017). The impact of prison type on prisoners’ aggression and mental health in greek prisons. Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society, 22(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23249
- Issue
- Vol. 22 No. 1 (2017)
- Section
- RESEARCH PAPERS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adams, K., Bennett, K., Flanagan, T., Marquart, J., Cuvelier,
S., Fritsch, E., Gerber, J., Longmire, D., & Burton,
V. (1994). A large-scale multidimensional test of the
effect of prison education programs on offenders’ behavior.
The Prison Journal, 74, 433- 449.
Τύπος φυλακής, επιθετικότητα και ψυχική υγεία u 87
Αλεξιαδης, Σ. (2001). Σωφρονιστική. Θεσσαλονίκη: Σάκ-
κουλα.
Andersen, H., Sestoft, D., Lilleback, T., Gabrielsen, G., &
Hemmingsen, R., (2002). Validity of the General
Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a prison population:
Data from a randomized sample of prisoners on
remand. International Journal of law and psychiatry,
, 573-580.
Ανδρίτσου, Α., Δασκαλάκη, Κ., Κατσουγιάννη, Κ., Παπα-
δοπούλου, Π., Σινόπουλος, Π., Τσαμπαρλή, Δ., &
Φρονίμου, Ε. (1988). Ο θεσμός της φυλακής στην
Ελλάδα: Προκαταρκτική έκθεση της ερευνητικής
ομάδας εγκληματολογίας του ΕΚΚΕ. επιθεώρηση
Κοινωνικών ερευνών, 68, 237-402.
Barreiro-Gen, M., & Novo-Corti, I. (2015). Collaborative
learning in environments with restricted access to the
internet: Policies to bridge the digital divide and exclusion
in prisons through the development of the
skills of inmates. Computers in Human Behavior, 51,
-1176.
Blatier, C. (2000). Locus of control, causal attributions,
and self-esteem: A comparison between prisoners.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology, 44, 97-110.
Braz
programs to a new cognitive–interpersonal approach
in the rehabilitation of offenders. Aggression
and Violent Behavior, 18, 636-643.
Camp, S. (2000). Do inmates survey data reflect prison
conditions? Using surveys to assess prison conditions
of confinement. Prison Journal, 79(2), 250-268.
Camp, S. & Gaes, G. (2005). Criminogenic effects of the
prison environment on inmate behaviour: Some experimental
evidence. Crime & Delinquency, 51(3),
-442.
Camp, S., Gaes, G., Klein-Saffran, J., Daggett, D., & Saylor,
W. (2002). Using inmate survey data in assessing
prison performance: A case study comparing private
and public prisons. Criminal Justice Review, 27(1),
-51.
Cashin, A., Potter, C. & Butler, T. (2008). The relationship
between exercise and hopelessness in prison. Journal
of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15, 66-
Cheliotis, L. (2012). Suffering at the hands of the state:
Conditions of imprisonment and prisoner health in
contemporary Greece. European Journal of Criminology,
, 3-22.
Cheng, C., Cheung, S., Chio, J., & Chan, M. (2013). Cultural
meaning of perceived control: A meta-analysis
of locus of control and psychological symptoms
across 18 cultural regions. Psychological Bulletin,
, 152-188.
Claudon, R., Masclet, & Stess, G. (2005). Active principle
of the punishment of modern prison: Distress and
management of its state of stress in regional detention
centre at prisoners primary and condemned for
medium length sentences. Psychologie du Τravail et
des Οrganisations, 11, 165-189.
Cooke, D., Johnstone., & Gadon, L. (2008). Situational
risk factors and institutional violence. Retrieved from
www.sps.gov.uk
Cox, V., Paulus, B., & McCain, G. (1984). Prison Crowding
Research: The relevance for prison housing standards
and a general approach regarding crowding phenomena.
American Psychologist, 39(10), 1148-1160.
Δασκαλάκης, Η. (1988). Μεταχείριση του εγκληματία.
Αθήνα: Σάκκουλα.
Δημητρόπουλος, Χ., ντάγανου, Μ., & Αλεξιάς, Γ. (2008).
Σχετιζόμενη με την υγεία ποιότητα ζωής: Από τη θε-
ωρία στην πράξη. Info Respiratory, 49, 31-41.
Diseth, A., Eikeland, O., Manger, T., & Hetland, H. (2008).
Education of prison inmates: Course experience, motivation,
and learning strategies as indicators of evaluation.
Educational Research and Evaluation, 14, 201-
Dye, M. (2010). Deprivation, importation and prison suicide:
Combined effects of institutional conditions and
inmate composition. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38,
- 806.
Easton, S. (2011). Prisoners’ rights: Principles and practice.
London: Routledge.
Eidhin, M., Sheehy, N., O’Sullivan, M., & McLeavey, B.
(2002). Perceptions of the environment, suicidal
ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender
population. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7,
-201.
Ekunwe, I., & Jones, R. (2012). Finnish criminal policy:
From hard time to gentle justice. The Journal of Prisoners
on Prisons, 21, 173-189.
Fairweather, L., & McConville, S. (Eds.). (2000). Prison architecture:
Policy, design and experience. Oxford: Architectural
Press.
Fazel, S., & Wolf, A. (2015). A systematic review of criminal
recidivism rates worldwide: Current difficulties
and recommendations for best practice. PloS Οne,
, 1-8.
Fotiadou, M., Livaditis, M., & Kaniotou. E. (2002). Self-reported
substance misuse in Greek male prisoners.
European Addiction Research 10, 56-60.
u Κωνσταντίνος Μπαμπασίκας
Foucault, M. (1976). επιτήρηση και τιμωρία: η γέννηση
της φυλακής. Αθήνα: Ράππα.
Franklin, T., Frankin, C., & Pratt, T. (2006). Examining the
empirical relationship between prison crowding and
inmate misconduct: a meta-analysis of conflicting research
results. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 410-
Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research re-examined.
The Prison Journal, 74(3), 329-363.
Garland, J., Morgan, R., & Beer, A. (2005). Impact of time
in prison and security level on inmates’ sexual attitude,
behavior and identity. Psychological Services,
(2), 151-162.
Gilligan, M. J., & Johns, L. (2012). Formal models of international
institutions. Annual Review of Political Science,
, 221-243.
Goldstein, A. (1994). The ecology of aggression. New
York: Plenum Press.
Gussak, D. (2009). Comparing the effectiveness of art
therapy on depression and locus of control of male
and female inmates. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36,
-207.
Haney, C. (2006). The wages of prison overcrowding:
Harmful consequences and dysfunctional reactions.
Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 22,
Haney, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1998). The past and future of
US Prison Policy: Twenty-five years after the Stanford
Prison Experiment. American Psychologist, 53, 709-
Harris, J. (1996). Phonological representations are redundancy-
free and fully interpretable. In J. Durand
& B. Laks (Eds.), Current trends in phonology: models
and methods (vol 1, pp. 305-332). Manchester,
UK: European Studies Research Institute.
Hayward, J., McMurran, M., & Sellen, J. (2008). Social
problem solving in vulnerable adult prisoners: Profile
and intervention. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
& Psychology, 19, 243-248.
Helm, P., Klapwijk, M., Stams, G., & van der Laan, P.
(2009). ‘What works’ for juvenile prisoners: Τhe role
of group climate in a youth prison. Journal of Children’s
Services, 4, 36-48.
Hensley, C., Koscheski, M., & Tewksbury, R. (2003). The
impact of institutional factors on officially reported
sexual assaults in prisons. Sexuality and Culture, 7,
-26.
Hobbs, G., & Dear, G. (2000). Prisoners’ perceptions of
prison officers as sources of support. Journal of Offender
Rehabilitation, 31, 127-142.
Huey, M., & McNulty, T. (2005). Institutional conditions
and prison suicide: Conditional effects of deprivation
and overcrowding. The Prison Journal, 85, 490-514.
Johnstone, L., & Cooke, D. (2010). PRISM: A promising
paradigm for assessing and managing institutional violence:
Findings from a multiple case study analysis
of five Scottish prisons. International Journal of
Forensic Mental Health, 9, 180-191.
Καρδάρα, Α. (2007). Φυλακή και γλώσσα: H γλωσσική
επικοινωνία των κρατουμένων ως κρίσιμο και αναπό-
σπαστο στοιχείο της δομής των φυλακών. Αδημοσί-
ευτη Διδακτορική Διατριβή. Εθνικό και Καποδι-
στριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών.
Καρύδη, Β., (2000). Το αδιαχώρητο στις ελληνικές φυ-
λακές. Ένα κεντρικό πρόβλημα ή μια «λειτουργική
δυσλειτουργία». Στο ν. Κουράκης & ν. Κουλούρης
(Επιμ.), Αντεγκληματική πολιτική (σελ.124-130). Αθή-
να: Σάκκουλα.
Καρύδη, B. (2010). Όψεις κοινωνικού ελέγχου στην ελ-
λάδα: ηθικοί πανικοί, ποινική δικαιοσύνη. Αθήνα:
Σάκκουλα.
Κασάπογλου, Α. Μ. (2014). Οι συνέπειες των ποινών κα-
τά της ελευθερίας στην κοινωνική ταυτότητα κρα-
τουμένων μεσοαστικής προέλευσης που έχουν δια-
πράξει βαριά οικονομικά εγκλήματα. Αδημοσίευτη
Διδακτορική Διατριβή. Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο
Θράκης.
Koulierakis, G. (2006). Drug use and related precautions
prior to imprisonment, inside prison and intentions after
release among Greek inmates. Addiction Research
and Theory, 14, 217-233.
Koulierakis, G., Afragiotis, D., Gnardellis, C., & Power, K.
(1999). Injecting drug use amongst inmates in Greek
prisons. Addiction Research, 7, 193-212.
Koulierakis, G., Gnardellis, C., Agrafiotis, D., & Power, K.
(2000). HIV risk behavior correlates among injecting
drug users in Greek prisons. Addiction, 95, 1207-
Koulierakis, G., Power, G., Gnardellis, C., & Agrafiotis, D.
(2003). HIV/AIDS related knowledge of inmates in
Greek Prisons. Addiction Research & Theory, 11,
-118.
Κουλούρης, ν. (2016). Ο ακρωτηριασμός των σωφρονι-
στικών θεσμών και η επιστροφή στη σωφρονιστική
«κανονικότητα». Ο σύντομος βίος των φυλακών
«υψίστης ασφαλείας» στην Ελλάδα. Στο Μ. Γασπα-
ρινάτου (Επιμ.), Έγκλημα και ποινική καταστολή σε
εποχή κρίσης: Τιμητικός τόμος για τον καθηγητή Νέ-
στορα Κουράκη (Τόμ. Α, σελ. 2468-2495). Αθήνα:
Σάκκουλα.
Τύπος φυλακής, επιθετικότητα και ψυχική υγεία u 89
Κουράκης, ν., & Σταθουλοπούλου, Ε. (2007). Προβλή-
ματα υποτροπής νεαρών κρατουμένων: Πορίσματα
επαναληπτικής (follow-up) έρευνας του Εργαστηρί-
ου Ποινικών και Εγκληματολογικών Ερευνών (Πανε-
πιστήμιο Αθηνών). Στο Κ. Δ. Σπινέλλη (Επιμ.), Στη-
ρίζοντας τον ανήλικο παραβάτη, (σελ. 45-55). Αθήνα:
Σάκκουλα.
Liebling, A. (2006). Prisons in transition. International Journal
of Law and Psychiatry, 29, 422-430.
Lindqvist, J., Daderman, A., & Hellstrom, A. (2005). Internal
reliability and construct validity of the Novaco
Anger Scale-1998-S in a sample of violent prison inmates
in Sweden. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(2),
-237.
Maquire, M., Morgan, R., & Weiner, R. (2007). The Oxford
handbook of psychology (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Μαργαρίτης, Λ., & Παρασκευόπουλος, ν. (2003). Σω-
φρονιστικός κώδικας και συναφή κείμενα. Αθήνα:
Σάκκουλα.
Μαυρής, Μ. (2003). Το πανοπτικό του χρόνου: η
διαχείριση του χρόνου σε συνθήκες μακροχρόνιας
στέρησης της ελευθερίας. Αθήνα: Τυπωθήτω.
McCorkle, R., Miethe, T., & Drass, K. (1995). Roots of
prison violence: a test of the deprivation, management,
and “not-so-total” institution models. Crime &
Delinquency, 41(3), 317-331.
Meltzer, H. (2008). Mental Capital and Well-being: Making
the most of ourselves in the 21st century. The mental
ill-health of prisoners. State-of-Science-Review: SRB6.
Government Office for Science.
Milliken, R. (2002). Dance/Movement therapy as a creative
arts therapy approach in prison to the treatment
of violence. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 29,
-206.
Morris, R., Carriaga, M., Diamond, B., Piquero, N., & Piquero,
A. (2012). Does prison strain lead to prison
misbehavior? An application of general strain theory
to inmate misconduct. Abstracts of the Journal of
Criminal Justice, 40(3), 194-201.
Mπακάλη, Α., & Τζανουδάκη, Α. (2008). Οι διαπροσωπι-
κές σχέσεις των σπουδαστών του ΑΤεΙ Κρήτης: Πώς
επηρεάζονται από την προσωπικότητά τους, την πα-
ρουσία συμπτωματικών συμπεριφορών και την ικα-
νοποίησή τους από τη ζωή. Πτυχιακή εργασία. Ανώ-
τατο Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα Κρήτης,
Ηράκλειο.
Μπαμπασίκας, Κ. (2013). Τρόφιμοι σε ελληνικές φυλακές
και συμπεριφορά: Ο ρόλος του θεσμικού, ψυχοκοι-
νωνικού και χωρικού πλαισίου. Αδημοσίευτη διδα-
κτορική Διατριβή. Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσ-
σαλονίκης.
Μπαμπασίκας, Κ. (Υπό δημοσίευση). Η επίδραση του
τύπου φυλακής και της έδρας ελέγχου στις αντι-
λήψεις περί σωφρονισμού και προσωπικής βελτίω-
σης των κρατουμένων στις ελληνικές φυλακές. ΙΑ’
επιστημονική επετηρίδα του Τμήματος ψυχολογίας
ΑΠΘ.
ντώνιας, Σ., Καραστεργίου, Α., & Μάνος, ν. (1991). Στάθ-
μιση της κλίμακας ψυχοπαθολογίας Symptom
Checklist-90-R σε ελληνικό πληθυσμό. ψυχιατρική, 2,
-48.
Nurse, J., Woodcock, P., & Ormsby, J. (2003). Influence
of environmental factors on mental health within prisons:
A focus group study. British Medical Journal,
, 480-483.
Papadodima, S., Sakelliaridis, E., Sergentanis, T., Giotakos,
O., Sergentanis, I., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2009).
Smoking in prison: Α hierarchical approach at the
crossroad of personality and childhood events. European
Journal of Public Health, 20, 470-474.
Patrick, S., & Marsh, R. (2001). Perceptions of punishment
and rehabilitation among inmates in a medium
security prison: “A consumers’ report”. Journal of Offender
Rehabilitation, 33, 47-63.
Pizarro, J., & Stenius, V. (2004). Supermax prisons: Their
rise, current practices, and effect on inmates. The
Prison Journal, 84(2), 248-264.
Pomeroy, E., Kiam, R., & Green, D. (2000). Reducing depression,
anxiety, and trauma of male inmates: An
HIV/AIDS psychoeducational group intervention. Social
Work Research, 24(3), 156-167.
Πρωτοβουλία για τα Δικαιώματα των Κρατουμένων
(2014). Χάσμα μεταξύ κλειστών και αγροτικών φυλα-
κών [Δελτίο τύπου]. Ανακτήθηκε από http://www.
tokeli.gr/2014/06/blog-post.html
Reitzel, L., & Harju, B. (2000). Influence of locus of control
and custody level on intake and prison-adjustment
depression. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27,
-644.
Rhodes, L. (2005). Pathological effects of the super maximum
prison. American Journal of Public Health,
(10), 1-4.
Sakelliadis, E., Papadodima, S., Sergentanis, T., Giotakos,
O., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2010). Self-injurious behavior
among Greek male prisoners: Prevalence and
risk factors. European Psychiatry, 26, 161-168.
Schoenfeld, H. (2010). Mass incarceration and the paradox
of prison conditions litigation. Law & Society Review,
(3/4), 731-768.
u Κωνσταντίνος Μπαμπασίκας
Shaw, M. (1992). Issues of power and control: women in
prison and their defenders. British Journal of criminology,
(4), 438-452.
Sorensen, J., Wrinkle, R., & Gutierrez, A. (1998). Patterns
of rule-violating behaviors and adjustment to incarceration
among murderers. The Prison Journal, 78,
-231.
Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2009). Rethinking the link
between institutional crowding and inmate misconduct.
Abstracts of the Prison Journal, 85, 205-233.
Συγκολλίτου Ε. (1997). Περιβαλλοντική ψυχολογία. Αθή-
να: Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Συγκολλίτου Ε. (1989). Οικολογική μελέτη της συμπερι-
φοράς παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας. Διδακτορική
Διατριβή. Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονί-
κης.
Suto, I., & Amaut, G. (2010). Suicide in prison: A qualitative
study. The Prison Journal, 90, 288-312.
Swann, R., & James, P. (1998). The effect of the prison
environment upon inmate drug taking behaviour. The
Howard Journal, 37, 252-265.
Σχίζας, Π. (2013). Αγροτικές φυλακές. Αδημοσίευτη Δι-
δακτορική Διατριβή. Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο Κοινωνι-
κών και Πολιτικών Επιστημών.
Sykes, G. (1958). The society of captives: A study of a
maximum security prison. New Jersey: Princeton University
Press.
Toch, H. (1977). Living in prison: The ecology of survival.
New York: The Free Press.
Towl, G. (Ed.). (2006). Psychological research in prisons.
Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Τσαλίκογλου, Φ. (1996). Μυθολογίες βίας και καταστο-
λής. Αθήνα: Παπαζήση.
Τσίφτη, Σ. (2003). η αρχιτεκτονική των φυλακών: Ιστορι-
κή εξέλιξη του αρχιτεκτονικού τύπου της φυλακής,
όπως επηρεάστηκε από τις εκάστοτε κοινωνικές αλ-
λαγές, τόσο διεθνώς όσο και στην ελλάδα. Αδημο-
σίευτη Διδακτορική Διατριβή. Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπι-
στήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης.
Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2006). Psychometric evaluation of the
Greek version of the Aggression Questionnaire. Perceptual
and Motor skills, 102, 703-718.
Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης, Διαφάνειας & Ανθρωπίνων Δι-
καιωμάτων (2015). Σχέδιο Νόμου για Σύμφωνο Συμ-
βίωσης και άλλες διατάξεις, Άρθρο 42: ενίσχυση
αγροτικών φυλακών. Ανακτήθηκε από http://www.
opengov.gr/ ministryofjustice/ wp-content/uploads/
downloads/2015/11/Asymfonosimvioshs.pdf
Vitoratou, S., Ntzoufras, I., Smyrnis, N., & Stefanis, N. C.
(2009). Factorial composition of the Aggression
Questionnaire: A multi-sample study in Greek adults.
Psychiatry research, 168(1), 32-39.
Wacquant, L. (2001). Οι φυλακές της μιζέριας. Αθήνα:
Πατάκη.
Wacquant, L. (2012). The prison is an outlaw institution.
The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 51, 1-15.
Walmsley, R. (2009). World prison population list (8th ed.).
London: Kings College London, International Centre
for Prison Studies.
Wener, R. (2012). The environmental psychology of prisons
and jails: Creating humane spaces in secure settings.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, T., Boyd, J., Cascardi, M., & Poythress, N.
(1996). Factor structure and convergent validity of the
Aggression Questionnaire in an offender population.
Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 398-403.
Wodahl, E., & Garland, B. (2009). The evolution of community
corrections: The enduring influence of the
prison. The Prison Journal, 89, 81S-104S.
Wright, N. (2000). The evolution of decision making
among prison executives, 1975-2000. Criminal Justice,
, 177-224.
Φυτράκης, Ε. (2004). Τα δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου στην
ποινική δίκη: Από τον εξανθρωπισμό στον «εκσυγ-
χρονισμό». Ποινική Δικαιοσύνη, 10, 1171-1179.
Χρυσόγονος, Κ. (2006). Ατομικά και κοινωνικά δικαιώμα-
τα. Αθήνα: νομική Βιβλιοθήκη.
Zamble, E., & Porporino, F. (1990). Coping, imprisonment,
and rehabilitation: Some data and their implications.
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 53-7
