Validation of the Greek DSM-V- 5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder

PDF (ελληνικά)
Published: Dec 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23255
Keywords:
Gambling Disorder validity reliability psychometry
Αναστάσιος Λ. Βάσιος
Πέτρος Λ. Ρούσσος
Abstract

The purpose of this study was the adaptation and reliability control of the, paraphrased instrument, Greek version of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder, in order to be a tool in clinical and epidemiological studies conducted in Greece. The questionnaire includes nine (9) questions. The respondent selects an answer, either yes or no, and the score is calculated by summing up the individual scores of the questions. The overall result (score) theoretically ranges from zero to nine (0-9) and the criteria are of equal weight. Occurrence of the criteria will relate to the period of the last twelve months. Randomly selected samples were used in this study: a) the general population b) online gamblers, and c) Gambler’s Anonymous. Patients and people in the general population, completed the survey questionnaire [this questionnaire included demographic characteristics and the Greek version of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder]. The psychometric tests applied included a) consistency of the questionnaire (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha 0.877 for group Α, for group B 0.866, for group C 0.946 and omega 0,89, 95% CI [0,85, 0,91] for group Α, 0,88, 95% CI [0,85, 0,90] for group Β, 0,96, 95% CI [0,96, 0,98] for group C . a) The total for all samples is 0.914 and 0,92, respectively, b) the Factor analysis of the scale’s structure highlighted one component and c) according the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) the factors loadings were all significant (p < .001), ranging from .623 to .855. The scale confirmed good psychometric properties for the Greek population. Ιn conclusion, the Greek version of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder provide us with valuable insights.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Allami, Υ. (2015). Pathways model to Problem Gambling:
Clinical Implications for Treatment and Prevention
Among Adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Addiction,
, 13-19.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders 3. Washington,
DC.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic
and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.,
revised). Washington, DC.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders 4. Washington,
DC.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders. 5. Washington,
DC.
Baldessarini, R.J., Finklestein, S. & Arana, G.W. (1983).
The predictive power of diagnostic tests and the effect
of prevalence of illness. Archives of General Psychiatry,
, 569-573.
Batstra, L. & Frances, A. (2012). Diagnostic inflation:
causes and a suggested cure. The Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease, 200, 474-479.
Batstra, L. D. & Thoutenhoofd, E. (2012). The risk that
DSM-5 will further inflate the diagnostic bubble. Current
Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 260-3.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied
research. Boston: Guilford Publications.
Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M.D. (2016). Prevalence
of Adolescent Problem Gambling: A Systematic
Review of Recent Research. Journal of Gambling
Studies, 2, 21-28.
Cichetti, D.V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of
thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment
instruments in psychology. Psychological
Assessment ,6, 284-290.
Cichetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of
thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment
instruments in psychology. Psychological
Assessment, 6, 284-290.
Cox, B., Enns, Μ. & Michaud, V. (2004). Comparisons Between
the South Oaks Gambling Screen and a DSMIV-
Based Interview in a Community Survey of Problem
Gambling. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 4.
Crockford, D. N., Goodyear, B., Edwards, J., Quickfall,
J. & el-Guebaly N.(2005). Cue-induced brain activity
in pathological gamblers. Biological Psychiatry,
,787-795
Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal
structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
Culleton, R. P. (1989). The prevalence rates of pathological
gambling: a look at methods. Journal of Gambling
Studies, 5, 22-41
Denis, C., Fatseas, M. & Auriacombe, M., (2012). Analyses
related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for
substance use related disorders. An assessment of
Pathological Gambling criteria. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,
, 22-27.
DiStefano, C. & Morgan, G., (2011). Examining classification
criteria: A comparison of three cut score methods.
Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 354-363.
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. ( 2001). The Canadian Problem
Gambling Index: Final report. Ottawa, ON: Canadian
Centre on Substance Abuse.
Fisher, S. (2000). Developing the DSM-IV-MR-J criteria to
identify adolescent problem gambling in non-clinical
populations. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16, 253-
Gambino, B. (2006). Reflections on accuracy. Journal of
Gambling Studies, 22, 393-404.
Gambino, B. (2012). The validation of screening tests:
Meet the new screen same as the old screen? Journal
of Gambling Studies, 28, 573-605.
Gebauer, L., LaBrie, R. & Shaffer HJ (2010). Optimizing
DSM-IV-TR classification accuracy: A brief biosocial
screen for detecting current gambling disorders
among gamblers in the general household population.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 82-90.
Goudriaan, E., De Ruiter, M. B., Van Den Brink, W., Oosterlaan,
J., & Veltman, D. J. (2010). Brain activation
patterns associated with cue reactivity and craving
in abstinent problem gamblers, heavy smokers and
healthy controls: an fMRI study. Addiction biology,
(4), 491-503.
Goudriaan, E., Oosterlaan, J. & Beurs, E. (2004). Pathological
gambling: a comprehensive review of biobehavioral
findings. Νeuroscience & biobehavioral reviews,
, 123-141.
Goudriaan, E., Oosterlaan, J., De Beurs, E. & Van Den
Brink, W. (2006). Neurocognitive functions in pathological
gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence,
Tourette syndrome and normal controls. Addiction,
, 4, 534-547.
Goudriaan, E., van Holst, R., van den Brink, W. & Veltman,
D. (2012). Brain imaging studies in pathological
gambling. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 418-425.
Granero, R., Penelo, E., Stinchfield, R., Fernández-Aranda,
F., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., ... & Jiménez-Murcia,
S. (2014). Contribution of illegal acts to pathological
gambling diagnosis: DSM-5 implications. Journal
of addictive diseases, 33(1), 41-52.
Grohol, J. M. (n.d.). DSM-5 Changes: Addiction, Substance-
Related Disorders & Alcoholism. Retrieved
April 5, 2018, from https://pro.psychcentral.com/
dsm-5-changes-addiction-substance-related-disorders-
alcoholism/
Hayer, T. (2014). Gambling-related problems in adolescence.
Development and validation of a new screening
instrument. Paper presented at the 10th European
Association for the Study of Gambling Conference on
Gambling Studies and Policy Issues, Helsinki, Finland.
Hinchliffe, S. A. (2015). Defining the Defined-Problem
Gambling, Pathological Gambling, and Gambling
Disorder: Impact on Policy and Legislation. Barry
Law Review, 20, 221.
Hing, N., Nuske, E., Gainsbury, S. M. & Russell, A.M.T.
(2015). Perceived stigma and self-stigma of problem
gambling: Perspectives of people with gambling
problems. International Gambling Studies, 16, 31-48.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria in fix indexes
in covariance structure analysis: conventional
criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation
Modeling, 6, 1-55.
IBM Corp. Released. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows,
Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Jimenez-Murcia, S., Stinchfield, R., Alvarez-Moya, E.,
Jaurrieta, N., Bueno, B. & Granero, R. (2009). Reliability,
validity and classification accuracy of a Spanish
translation of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
for pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling
Studies, 25(1), 93-104.
Kelley, K., & Lai, K. (2012). MBESS: MBESS. R package
version 4.3.0. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/
MBESS/index.html
Leeman, R. & Potenza, M. (2012). Similarities and differences
between pathological gambling and substance
use disorders: a focus on impulsivity and
compulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 219(2), 469-490.
Loo, J. M. Y., Oei, T. P. S., & Raylu, N. (2011). Psychometric
evaluation of the problem gambling severity
index-Chinese version (PGSI-C). Journal of Gambling
Studies, 27, 453-466.
McMillen, J., & Wenzel, M. (2006). Measuring problem
gambling: Assessment of three prevalence screens.
International Gambling Studies, 6, 147-174.
McNeish, D. (2017). Thanks Coefficient Alpha, We’ll
Take It From Here. Psychological Methods, doi:
1037/met0000144. [Epub ahead of print]
Miedl, SF., Fehr, T., Meyer, G. & Herrmann, M.. (2010).
Neurobiological correlates of problem gambling in a
quasi-realistic blackjack scenario as revealed by fMRI.
Psychiatry Res, 181, 165-173.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2004). Mplus: The comprehensive
modelling program for applied researchers.
User’s guide (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén &
Muthén.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user’s guide
(seventh ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Mut.
Petry, N. M. (2006). Should the scope of addictive behaviors
be broadened to include pathological gambling?
Addiction, 101(s1), 152-160.
Petry, N. M, Blanco, C., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz,
K., Crowley, T. J., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S.
& O’Brien, C. (2013). An overview of and rationale
for changes proposed for pathological gambling in
DSM-5. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 493-502.
Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Stinchfield, R. & Volberg, R.
(2013). An empirical evaluation of proposed changes
for gambling diagnosis in the DSM-5. Addiction,
, 575-581.
Potenza, M. N., Leung, H. C., Blumberg, H. P., Peterson,
B. S., Fulbright, R. K., Lacadie, C. M., Skudlarski, P.,
& Gore, J. C. (2003). An FMRI Stroop task study of
ventromedial prefrontal cortical function in pathological
gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry,
(11), 1990-1994.
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright,
R. K., Lacadie, C. M., Wilber, M. K., & Wexler, B. E.
(2003). Gambling urges in pathological gambling: a
functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives
of general psychiatry, 60(8), 828-836.
R Development Core Team (2012). R: A language and environment
for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria.
https://www.r-project.org/
Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of maximal reliability: A
note on a covariance structure modelling approach.
Applied Psychological Measurement, 57, 1, 21-27.
Raykov, T. (1997b). Scale reliability, Cronbach’s coefficient
alpha, and violations of essential tau-equivalence
with fixed congeneric components. Multivariate
Behavioral Research, 32, 329-353.
Raykov, T. (2009). Evaluation of Scale Reliability for Unidimensional
Measures Using Latent Variable Modeling.
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and
Development, 42, 3.
Rennert, L., Denis, C., Peer, K., Lynch, K. G., Gelernter, J.
& Kranzler, H. R. (2014). DSM-5 gambling disorder:
Prevalence and characteristics in a substance use
disorder sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,
, 50-6.
Ρούσσος, Π.Λ. & Τσαούσης, Γ. (2011). Στατιστική στις
επιστήμες της συμπεριφοράς με τη χρήση του SPSS.
Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις Τόπος.
De Ruiter, M. B., Veltman, D. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan,
J., Sjoerds, Z., & Van Den Brink, W. (2009).
Response perseveration and ventral prefrontal sensitivity
to reward and punishment in male problem
gamblers and smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology,
(4), 1027-1038.
Sleczka, P., Braun, B., Piontek, D., Bühringer, G. & Kraus,
L. (2015). DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder: Underlying
structure and applicability to specific groups
of gamblers. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4, 226-
Stinchfield, R. (2002). Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen
(SOGS). Addictive behaviors, 27(1), 1-19.
Stinchfield, R. (2003). Reliability, validity, and classification
accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
for pathological gambling. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 160, 180-182.
Stinchfield, R. (2014). A review of problem gambling assessment
instruments and brief screens. In: Richards
D, Blaszczynski A, Nower L, editors. Wiley-Blackwell
handbook of disordered gambling. Oxford Wiley,
-203.
Stinchfield, R., Govoni, R., & Frisch, G. R. (2005). DSMIV
Diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling:
Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy. The
American Journal on Addictions, 14(1), 73-82.
Stinchfield, R., McCready, J., Govoni, Nigel, T., Susana
Jimenez-Murcia, Petry, Μ., Grant, J., Welte, J., Chapman,
H. & Winters K. (2016). Reliability, Validity, and
Classification Accuracy of the DSM-5 Diagnostic
Criteria for Gambling Disorder and Comparison to
DSM-IV. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(3), 905-922.
Stinchfield, R., Winters, K. C., Botzet, A., Jerstad, S., &
Breyer, J. (2007). Development and psychometric
evaluation of the gambling treatment outcome monitoring
system (GAMTOMS). Psychology of Addictive
Behaviors, 21(2), 174-184.
Strong, D.R. & Kahler, C. W. (2007). Evaluation of the
continuum of gambling problems using the DSM-IV.
Addiction, 102, 713-721.
Svetieva, Ε. & Walker, Μ. (2008). Inconsistency between
concept and measurement: The Canadian Problem
Gambling Index (CPGI). Journal of gambling issues,
-173.
Temcheff ,C.E., Derevensky, J.L. & Paskus, T.S. (2011).
Pathological and disordered gambling: A comparison
of DSM-IV and DSM-V criteria. International Gambling
Studies, 11(2), 213-220.
Vandenberg, R. J. (2006). Statistical and methodological
myths and urban legends: where, pray tell, did they
get this idea? Organizational Research Methods, 9,
-201.
Volberg, R., Gupta, R., Griffiths, M. D., Olason, D., &
Delfabbro, P. H. (2010). An international perspective
on youth gambling prevalence studies. International
Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 22,
-38.
Volberg, R., & Wiebe, J. (2007). PROBLEM GAMBLING
PREVALENCE RESEARCH:A CRITICAL OVERVIEW.
A Report to the Canadian Gaming Association.
Walker, M. B., & Dickerson, M. G. (1996). The prevalence
of problem and pathological gambling: A critical
analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 233-
Williams, R.J., Volberg, R.A. & Stevens, R.M.G (2012).
The population prevalence of problem gambling:
Methodological influences, standardized rates, jurisdictional
differences, and worldwide trends. Ontario:
Problem Gambling Research Centre.
Wynne, H. ( 2003). Introducing the Canadian Problem
Gambling Index. Edmonton, AB: Wynne Resources.
Zimmerman, M., Chelminski, I. & Young, D. (2006). A
psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV pathological
gambling diagnostic criteria. Journal of Gambling
Studies, 22,329-337.