Family and bullying: A review of national and international research

PDF (ελληνικά)
Published: Oct 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23533
Keywords:
Bullying Parenting practices Parental views of bullying
Σταυρούλα Κάργα
Ιωάννα Μπίμπου Νάκου
Abstract

Bullying is a complex social problem with negative, longitudinal psychosocial consequences for the students being involved as bullies, victims, or observers. Family has been widely examined as a contributing factor of school bullying. The present article reviews 45 national and international studies (2000-2010) that were found to examine the
relationship between parenting practices, parental views regarding bullying, and bullying itself. The main findings of the review underline the significant relationship of parenting practices and parental views of families with bullying, and stresses out the importance of family raising awareness and training for preventive and intervention measures against bullying.

Article Details
  • Section
  • BRIEF RESEARCH REPORTS
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.

Downloads
References
Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004a). Bullying and
victimization: cause for concern for both families
and schools. Social Psychology of Education, 7:
-54.
Ahmed, E., Braithwaite, V. (2004b). “What, Me
Ashamed?” Shame Management and School
Bullying. Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 41: 269-294.
Ainsworth, M., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An Ethological
Approach to Personality Development. American
Psychologist, 46 (4), 333-341.
Ανδρέου, Ε. (2011). Χορεύοντας με τους Λύκους-Δια-
δικασίες και Μηχανισμοί Θυματοποίησης εντός
και εκτός Σχολείου. Αθήνα: Επίκεντρο.
Ang, P. R. (2008). Dysfunctional Parenting Behaviors
and Parenting Stress Among Mothers of
Aggressive Boys. Child & Family Behavior
Therapy, 30(4): 319-336.
Arsenio, F. W., & NICHD Early Child Care Research
Network. (2004). Trajectories of Physical Aggres -
sion from Toddlerhood to Middle Childhood:
Predictors, Correlates, and Outcomes. Mono -
graphs of the Society for Research in Child
Development, 69(4), i-143.
Baldry, C. A. & Farrington P. D. (2000). Bullies and
Delinquents: Personal Characteristics and
Parental Styles. Journal of Community & Applied
Social Psychology J. Community Appl. Soc. Psy -
chol., 10: 17-31.
Baldry, A., & Farrington, D. (2005). Protective factors
as moderators of risk factors in adolescence
bullying. Social Psychology of Education, 8: 263-
Bandura, A. (1973). Social Learning Theory. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barry, D. T., Dunlap, T. S., Lochman, E. J., & Wells, C.
K. (2009). Inconsistent Discipline as a Mediator
Between Maternal Distress and Aggression in
Boys. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 31(1): 1-
Baumrind, D. (1991). Effective parenting during the
early adolescent transition. In P.A. Cowan & E.M.
Hetherington (Eds.), Advances in family research
(Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Berdondini, L., & Smith, P. (1996). Cohesion and
power in the families of children involved in bullyvictim
problems at school: an Italian replication.
Journal of Family Therapy, 18, 99-102.
Bibou-Nakou, I., Tsiantis, J., Assimopoulos, H., &
Chatzilambou P. (2012). Bullying/victimization
from a family perspective: a qualitative study of
secondary school students’ views. European
Journal of Psychology of Education, Online First™,
January. DOI: 10.1007/s10212-011-0101-6
Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, E. T. &
Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional
and behavioral resilience to bullying: evidence of
an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psycho -
logy and Psychiatry. DOI:10.1111/j.14697610.
02216.x.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human
Development, Experiments by nature and design.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of
human development. International Encyclopedia
of Education, 3, 2nd Ed. Oxford: Elsevier.
Burkhart, K., Knox, M, & Brockmyer, J. (2012). Pilot
Σταυρούλα Κάργα και Ιωάννα Μπίμπου-Νάκου
evaluation of the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program
on Children’s Bullying Behavior. Journal of Child
& Family Studies, DOI 10.1007/w10826-012-
-3.
Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., &
Wilkinson, J. (2007). Parenting Styles or
Practices? Parenting, Sympathy, and Prosocial
Behaviors Among Adolescents. The Journal of
Genetic Psychology, 168 (2), 147-176.
Cassidy, T. (2008). Bullying and victimization in
school children: the role of social identity,
problem-solving style, and family and school
context. Social Psychology of Education, 12(1):
-76.
Christenson, L.S., Anderson, R.A., & Hirsch, A. J.
(2004). Families with Aggressive Children and
Adolescents. In C.J. Conoley & P.A. Goldstein
(Eds.), School Violence Intervention: A Practical
Handbook (pp. 359-399). The Guilford Press:
New York.
Γιοβαζολιάς, Θ., Κουρκούτας, Η. & Μητσοπούλου, Ε.
(2009). Σχολικός Εκφοβισμός, Θυματοποίηση και
Τύποι Διαπαιδαγώγησης του Πατέρα: Ψυχοπαι-
δαγωγικές και Συμβουλευτικές Παρεμβάσεις.
Στο Η συμβουλευτική Ψυχολογία στους Άντρες,
(Επιμέλεια έκδοσης: Μ. Μαλικιώση, Μ. & Α. Πα-
παστυλιανού). Αθήνα: Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Cerezo, F., & Ato, M. (2005). Bullying in Spanish and
English pupils: A sociometric perspective using
the BULL-S questionnaire. Educational Psycho -
logy, 25(4), 353-367.
Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz,
D.C. (2004). Social norms and
identity relevance: A motivational approach to
normative behavior. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1295-1309
Connolly, P., Keenan, M. (2002). Racist Harassment
in the White Hinterlands: minority ethnic children
and parents’ experiences of schooling in
Northern Ireland. British Journal of Sociology of
Education, 23(3): 341-355.
Connolly, I. & O’ Moore, M. (2003). Personality and
family relations of children who bully. Personality
and individual differences, 35: 559-567.
Cowie, H., & Dawn, J. (2008). New Perspectives on
Bullying (pp. 18-21). Berkshire, England: Open
University Press McGraw-Hill.
Curtner-Smith, M., Culp, A., Culp, R., Scheib, C.,
Owen, K., Tilley, A., Murphy, M., Parkman, L., &
Coleman, P. (2006). Mothers’ parenting and
young economically disadvantaged children’s
relational and overt bullying. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 15(2):181-193
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting Style as
Context: An Intergrative Model. Psychological
Bulletin, 113 (3), 487-496.
Davies, B. (2011). Bullies as Guardians of the Moral
Order or an Ethic of Truths. Children & Society,
, 278-286.
Defensor del pueblo. (2007). Informes, Estudios y
Documentos : Violencia Escolar: El Maltrato entre
Iguales en la Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria
-2006 (Nuevo estudio y actualizaci n del
informe 2000).Madrid: 2007.
Δεληγιάννη-Κουϊμτζή, Β. (2005). Ταυτότητες φύλου,
Εθνικές Ταυτότητες και Σχολική Βία: διερευνώ-
ντας τη βία και τη θυματοποίηση στο σχολικό
πλαίσιο. Α’ Έκθεση αποτελεσμάτων, Κ.Ε:
ΥΕ
Δημάκος, Κ. Ι. (2005). Οικογενειακοί παράγοντες που
επηρεάζουν τη σχολική επιθετικότητα των μαθη-
τών: Ερευνητικά δεδομένα. Επιστημονική Επετη-
ρίδα Αρέθας, 3, 89-102.
Dowling, E., & Osborne, E. (2001). Η οικογένεια και
το σχολείο. Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Duong, T. M., Schwartz, D., Chang, L., Brynn, M. K. &
Shelley R. T. (2009). Associations between Ma -
ternal Physical Discipline and Peer Victimization
among Hong Kong Chinese Children: The Mo -
derating Role of Child Aggression. Journal of
Abnormal Child Psychology, 37: 957-966.
Eslea, M., Smith, P. (2000). Pupil and parent attitudes
towards bullying in primary schools. European
Journal of Psychology of Education, 2: 207-219
Estevez, E., Musitu, G., & Herrero, J. 2005. The
influence of violent behavior and victimization at
school on psychological distress: the role of
parents and teachers. Adolescence, 40(157):
-196.
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and
Preventing Bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-
Farrington, D.P., & Ttofi, M.M. (2009). School Based
Programs to Reduce Bullying and Victimization.
Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6, 1-148.
Frederick J. & Goddard, C. (2010). School was just
a nightmare: childhood abuse and neglect and
school experiences. Child and Family Social
Work, 15: 22-30.
Flouri, E. & Buchanan, A. (2002). Life Satisfaction in
Οικογένεια και σχολικός εκφοβισμός: Ανασκόπηση των σύγχρονων ερευνών 155
Teenage Boys: The Moderating Role of Father
Involvement and Bullying. Aggressive Behavior,
: 126-133.
Flouri E. & Buchanan A. (2003). The Role of Mother
Involvement and Father Involvement in Ado -
lescent Bullying Behavior. Journal of Inter -
personal Violence, 18: 634-644.
Galloway, D., & Roland, E. (2004). Is the direct
approach to bullying always the best? In P.
Smith, D. Perpler, & K. Rigby (Eds.) Bullying in
Schools: How successful can interventions be?
(pp. 37-53). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Georgiou, S. (2008a). Parental style and child bullying
and victimization experiences at school. Social
Psychology of Education, 11: 213-227.
Georgiou, S. (2008b). Bullying and victimization at
school: The role of mothers. British Psychological
Society, 78: 109-125.5.
Georgiou, S. N., & Fanti, K. A. (2010). A transactional
model of bullying and victimization. Social
Psychology of Education. DOI 10.1007/s11218-
-9116-0.
Georgiou, S & Stavrinides, P. (2013). Parenting at
home and bullying at school. Social Psychology
of Education, 16(2), 165-179.
Harris, J. R., (1998). The Nurture Assumption, New
York, Free Press.
Holmes, J. R., & Holmes-Lonergan H. (2004). The
bully in the family: Family influences on bullying.
In C. Sanders & G. Phye (Eds.), Bullying:
implications for the classroom (pp. 111-135).
London: Elsevier Academic Press.
Horne, M. A., Orpinas, P., Newman-Carlson, D., &
Bartolomucci L. C. (2008). Elementary School
Bully Busters Program: Understanding Why
Children Bully and What to Do About It. In D.
Espelage & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in
American Schools: A Social-Ecological Per -
spective on Prevention and Intervention (pp. 297-
. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Horton, P. (2011). School Bullying and Social and
Moral Orders. Children & Society, 25, 268-277.
Houndoumadi, A. & Pateraki, L. (2001). Bullying and
Bullies in Greek Elementary Schools: Pupils’
attitudes and teachers’/parents‘ awareness.
Educational Review, 53: 1, 19-26.
Idsoe, T., Solli, E., Cosmovici, E. M. (2008). Social
Psychological Processes in Family and School:
Evidence on Their Relative Etiological Signifi -
cance for Bullying Behavior. Aggressive Behavior,
: 460-474.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, P. D. (2006). Examining the
Relationship Between Low Empathy and Bullying.
Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540-550.
Kim, E., Geun Hye, H., & McCubbin A. M. (2007). Ko -
rean American Maternal Acceptance–Rejection,
Acculturation, and Children’s Social Compe -
tence. Fam Community Health, 30(2): 33-45.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. J., & Ladd W.G. (2001).
Variations in Peer Victimization, Relations to
children‘s maladjustment. In J. Juvonen & S.
Graham (Eds.), Peer Harassment in Schools: The
Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized (p. 25-48).
New York: Guilford Press.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B.J., & Wardrop, J. L.
(2001).Chronicity and instability of children’s peer
victimization experiences as predictors of
loneliness and social satisfaction trajectories.
Child Development, 72, 134-151.
Kokkinos, C.M., & Panayiotou, G. (2007). Parental
discipline practices and locus of control:
Relationship to bullying and victimization
experiences of elementary school students.
Social Psychology of Education, 10: 281-301.
Ladd, G. W. (1992). Themes and theories: Perspe -
ctives on processes in family-peer relationships.
In R. D. Park & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer
relationships: Modes of linkage (p. 3-34).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lam, D., & Liu, A. (2007). The Path through Bullying—
A Process Model from the Inside Story of Bullies
in Hong Kong Secondary Schools. Child and
Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24(1): 53-75.
Leff, S. S, Power, J. T., & Goldstein B. A. (2004).
Outcome Measures to Assess the Effectiveness of
Bullying-prevention Programs in the Schools. In
D. Espelage & S. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in
American Schools: A Social-Ecological Perspe -
ctive on Prevention and Intervention (p. 269-293).
London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family
Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile
Conduct Problems and Delinquency. Crime and
Justice, 7, 29-149.
Ma, X. (2001). Bullying and Being Bullied: To What
Extent Are Bullies Also Victims? American
Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 351-370.
Matsunaga, M. (2009). Parents Don’t (Always) Know
Their Children Have Been Bullied: Child-Parent
Σταυρούλα Κάργα και Ιωάννα Μπίμπου-Νάκου
Discrepancy on Bullying and Family-Level Profile
of Communication Standards. Human Communi -
cation Research, 35, 221-247. DOI: 10.1111/
j.1468-2958.2009.01345.x.
McKee, L., Colletti, C., Rakowa, A., Jones, J. D., &
Forehand, R. (2008). Parenting and child
externalizing behaviors: Are the associations
specific or diffuse? Aggression and Violent
Behavior, 13, 201-215.
Mishna, F., & Alaggia, R. (2005). Weighing the risks:
A child’s decision to disclose peer victimization.
Children & Schools, 27(4), 217-226.
Mitsuru, T. (2010). Relations Among Bullying,
Stresses, and Stressors: A Longitudinal and
Comparative Survey Among Countries. In S.
Jimerson, S. A. Swearer & D. Espelage, (Eds.),
Handbook of Bullying in Schools. An International
Perspective (p. 151-163). New York: Routledge.
Mizell, C.A.C. (2003). Bullying: The Consequences of
Interparental Discord and Child’s Self-Concept.
Family Process, 42(2): 237-245.
Μπίμπου-Νάκου, I. (2011). Ερμηνείες και πρακτικές
αντιμετώπισης της ενδοσχολικής βίας από την
πλευρά των εφήβων. Ανακοίνωση στο συνέ-
δριο:20 χρόνια ΕΨΥΠΕ Κοινοτικές υπηρεσίες ψυ-
χικής υγείας για παιδιά και εφήβους στην Ελλά-
δα, 6-7.10.2011, Αθήνα
Νακοπούλου, Ε. 2009. Εκφοβισμός και θυματοποίη-
ση στο ελληνικό σχολικό πλαίσιο: Η οπτική των
εκπαιδευτικών και των γονέων. Διπλωματική ερ-
γασία. Μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα Εξελικτικής-
Σχολικής Ψυχολογίας. Τμήμα Ψυχολογίας,
Α.Π.Θ.
Nordhagen, R., Nielsen, A., Stigum, H., & Kohler, L.
(2005). Parental reported bullying among Nordic
children: a population-based study. Child: Care,
Health and Development, 31(6): 693-701.
O’Moore, M., & Minton, S. (2004). Dealing with
Bullying in Schools. London: Paul Chapman
Publishing.
Obermann, M. L. (2011). Moral Disengagement in
Self-Reported and Peer-Nominated School
Bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 133-144.
Olweus, D. (2009). Εκφοβισμός και βία στο σχολείο.
Αθήνα: ΕΨΥΠΕ.
Patterson, G., DeBaryshe, B., & Ramsey, E. (1993). A
developmental perspective on antisocial
behavior. In M. Gauvain & M. Cole (Eds.),
Readings on the development of children (p. 263-
. NY: Freeman.
Pellegrini, A.D. (2001). A longitudinal study of
heterosexual relationships, aggression
and sexual harassment during the transition from
primary school through middle school. Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 9-15.
Pellegrini, A.D. (2002). Bullying, victimization, and
sexual harassment during the transition to middle
school. Educational Psychologist, 37(3), 151-163.
Perry, D., Hodges, E., & Egan, S. (2001).
Determinants of chronic victimization by peers. In
J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer Harassment
in Schools: The Plight of the Vulnerable and
Victimized (pp. 73-104). New York: Guilford Press.
Pontzer, D. (2010). A theoretical test of bullying
behavior: Parenting, Personality, and the Bully/
Victim Relationship. Family Violence, 25: 259-273.
Ranson, S., Martin, J., & Vincent, C. (2004). Storming
parents, schools and communicative inaction.
British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(3):
-274.
Rigby, K. (2005). Why do some children bully at
school? The contributions of negative attitudes
towards victims and the perceived expectations
of friends, parents and teachers. School Psycho -
logy International, 26(2): 147-161.
Rigby, K. (2008). Σχολικός εκφοβισμός. Σύγχρονες
απόψεις. Αθήνα: Τόπος.
Rubin, H. K., Dwyer, M. K., Kim, H. A., & Burgess, B.
K. (2004). Attachment, Friendship, and
Psychosocial Functioning in Early Adolescence.
J Early Adolesc., 24(4): 326-356.
Salmivalli, C., & Voeten M. (2004). Connections
between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour
in bullying situations. International Journal of
Behavioral Development, 28(3), 246-258.
Sawyer, J. L., Mishna, F., Pepler, D., & Wiener, J.
(2011). The missing voice: Parents’ perspectives
of bullying. Children and Youth Services Review,
, 1795-1803.
Shields, A. & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental
Maltreatment and Emotion Dysregulation as Risk
Factors for Bullying and Victimization in Middle
Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology, 30: 3, 349-363.
Simons, L. R., Chao, W., Conger, D. R., & Elder, H. G.
(2001). Quality of Parenting as Mediator of the
Effect of Childhood Defiance on Adolescent
Friendship Choices and Delinquency: A Growth
Curve Analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family,
(1): 63-79.
Οικογένεια και σχολικός εκφοβισμός: Ανασκόπηση των σύγχρονων ερευνών 157
Spriggs, L. A., Iannotti, J. R., Nansel, R. T., & Haynie
L. D. (2007). Adolescent Bullying Involvement
and Perceived Family, Peer and School
Relations: Commonalities and Differences Across
Race/Ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health,
(3): 283-293.
Stevens, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Van Oost, P.
(2002). Relationship of the Family Environment to
Children’s Involvement in Bully/Victim Problems
at School. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
(6): 419-428.
Τσιάντης, Ι., Ασημόπουλος, Χ., Γιαννακοπούλου, Δ.,
Διαρεμέ, Σ., Κονίδα, Ε., Μπίμπου, Ι., Σιγάλα, Α.,
Σουμάκη, Ε., Χατζηπέμος Θ. (2007). Η βία μετα-
ξύ των μαθητών στο σχολείο: Αποτελέσματα του
Διακρατικού Προγράμματος για την Αντιμετώπιση
της Ενδοσχολικής Βίας και του Εκφοβισμού. Συ-
νέντευξη Τύπου, Αίθουσα Ανταποκριτών Ξένου
Τύπου, 22 Νοεμβρίου 2007, Αθήνα.
Unnever, J., & Cornell, D. (2004). Middle school
victims of bullying: Who reports being bullied?
Aggressive Behavior, 30(5): 373-388.
Ybarra, L. M., & Kimberly J. M. (2004). Youth
engaging in online harassment: associations with
caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and
personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence
: 319-336.
Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Fabes, R.,
Reiser, M., Guthrie, I., Murphy, B., Cumberland,
A., & Shepard, S. (2002). The Relations of
Parental Warmth and Positive Expressiveness to
Children’s Empathy-Related Responding and
Social Functioning: A Longitudinal Study. Child
Development, 73(3): 893-915.