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Clinical Investigation of Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Published: Jan 4, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/healthresj.41864
Keywords:
glycated hemoglobin serum protein electrophoresis type 2 diabetes mellitus
Akeem Olayinka Busari
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil
Ibrahim Saheed Saka
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
Renata Teritin Perdomo
Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultura Celular, Laboratório de Fluidos Biológicos e Citologia Clínica, Farmácia-Facfan, Uni-versidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
Malson Neilson de Lucena
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil
Sulaiman Adebayo Nassar
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Imam Malik Kabir
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Munirudeen Ibrahim
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
Shefiat Bashir
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency. Circulating proteins in the pathogenesis of T2DM have been implicated with different degrees of glucose intolerance. 


Objective: This study assessed the serum protein pattern in T2DM patients.


Method and Material: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 participants comprising 60 T2DM patients and 60 non-diabetic individuals in General Hospital Ilorin, Kwara State, after the ethical approvals were obtained from both the Kwara State Ministry of Health and General Hospital Ilorin with the reference numbers ERC/MOH/2022/04/089 and GHI/IRC/246/VOL1/03, respectively. About 5 ml of venous blood sample was collected from each participant after an overnight fast of 10–12 hours for glycated hemoglobin and serum protein estimation. The glycated hemoglobin was estimated using the fluorescence immunoassay technique, while protein and albumin were estimated spectrophotometrically using biuret and bromocresol green dye-binding methods, respectively. The serum protein pattern was determined by serum protein electrophoresis.


Results: A total of 60 T2DM patients were included in the study; 8 (13.3%) showed hypergammaglobulinemia, 7 (11.7%) demonstrated hyperbetaglobulinemia, and 13 (21.7%) revealed hyperalpha-2-globulinemia serum protein patterns compared to normal serum protein patterns observed in the non-diabetic individuals. Also, a significant increase (p<0.05) in glycated hemoglobin was observed in T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic individuals. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in serum protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio of T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic individuals.


Conclusions: This study observed that diabetes mellitus significantly affects positive acute phase proteins, such as beta, alpha-2, and gamma globulin, compared to negative acute phase proteins, such as albumin, globulin, and the albumin/globulin ratio.

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