The best interests of the child in medically assisted reproduction: A moral-constitutional overview


Published: Jan 28, 2021
Keywords:
Best interests of the child; Medically assisted reproduction; Reproductive right; HIV carriers; Single-parent family; Post-mortem fertilization; Same-sex couples; Constitutional law
Fereniki Panagopoulou–Koutnatzi
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-7311
Abstract

The infinite and constantly developing options of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) reasonably raise the issue of its permitted range. Proponents of human rights fight for the strengthening of the reproductive right, the access to it by even more people, such as single parents, same-sex couples, elderly women, HIV carriers etc. Still concerning, however, is the fact that the defenders of human rights often forget the rights of the fetus or the child, which cannot be expressed with the same intensity. In the framework of the present study, we investigate the true interests of the child in MAR, in relation to the reproductive right in the light of some borderline cases.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics. "Promoting the Well-being of the Children Whose Parents are Gay or Lesbians." Policy Statement. March 18, 2013. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2013/03/18/peds.2013-0376.full.pdf.
Anthopoulos, Ch. "Child’s Interest-Third Parties Rights and Obligations." In The International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Domestic Legal System, Interpretation per Article, edited by P. Naskou-Perraki, K. Chryssogonos, and Ch. Anthopoulos. Athens - Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publications, 2002.
Cabal, L., and P. Kebriaei. "Using Litigation to Address Gender Violations in the HIV/AIDS Context." California: University of California Davis Journal of International Law & Policy 13 (2006).
Carniak McLaughlin, L. "The Price of Failure of Informed Consent Law: Coercive Sterilizations of HIV-Positive Women in South Africa." Law and Inequality 32 (2014).
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Infertility Treatment: A Committee Opinion." https://www.asrm.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/News_and_Publications/Ethics_Committee_Reports_and_Statements/hivethics.pdf.
Falletti, E. "LGBTI Discrimination and Parent-Child Relationships: Cross Border Mobility of Rainbow Families in the European Union." Family Court Review 52 (2014): 28–29.
Fappiano, T. C. "Finding a Legal Remedy for the HIV-Positive Infant: Wrongful Live and Lack of Informed Consent Explored." St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary 12 (1995): 205 et seq.
Georgiadis, A. Family Law. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2014.
Gilman, M. "Applied Feminism and Marginalized Communities." Foreword. University of Baltimore Law Review 39 (2010).
Gruskin, S. "The Impact of Reproductive Subordination on Women’s Health: Negotiating the Relationship of HIV/AIDS to Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights." American University Law Review 44 (1995): 1191–1205.
Hernandez, J. F. "Perinatal Transmission of HIV: Cause for the Resurrection of Wrongful Life." Journal Marshall Law Review 27 (1994): 393 et seq.
Holy Synod of Church of Greece. "The Orthodox Review of the Assisted Reproduction." In Bioethics, Synod Texts of Orthodox Churches, edited by N. Koios, 87–100. Athens: Center of Biomedical Morality and Ethics, 2007.
Ioannou, M. - E. "Interpretation of Article 24 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (The Rights of the Child)." In The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Interpretation per Article, edited by V. Tzemos, 304–10. Athens: Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications, 2015.
Kalaitzi, A. "Families with Elderly Parents." In Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Family Structures, 3–19. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2014.
Kalokairinou, E. "Reproductive Autonomy and Moral Responsibility: Thoughts on the Methods of Medically Assisted Reproduction." In Bioethical Concerns, edited by M. Kanellopoulou-Mpoti and F. Panagopoulou-Koutnatzi, 135–37. Athens: Papazisi Publications, 2014.
Kantsa, B., and A. Chalkidou. "“Homosexual Mothers”: A Contradiction in Terms? Sexuality and Reproduction from the Point of View of Anthropology." In Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Family Structures, 181–95. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2014.
Kipouridou, K. "Assisted Reproduction when the Spouse is in Prison." In Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Family Structures, 107 et seq. Athens – Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2014.
Kotzambasi, A. "Children Without Any Lawful Ties of Kinship, Violation of Conditions of Assisted Reproduction and the Consequences Thereof." In Changing Relationships, Kinship and Medically Assisted Reproduction, edited by B. Kantsa, 69–72. (In)Fercit, 2015. http://www.in-fercit.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Metavallomenes-sheseis.pdf.
Kounougeri-Manoledaki, E. "AIDS Carriers and Their Right to Have Descendants: The First Decision (no. 1/2006) of the National Authority of Medically Assisted Reproduction." In Biotechnology Issues-Cloning, Publications of Medical Law and Bioethics, issue 2. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2006.
Kounougeri-Manoledaki, E. "Objective and Subjective Options in the Law of Assisted Reproduction." In Changing Relationships, Relatives and Medically Assisted Reproduction, edited by B. Kantsa, 109. (In)Fercit, 2015. http://www.in-fercit.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Metavallomenes-sheseis.pdf.
Kriari-Katrani, I. Biomedical Developments and Constitutional Law, Constitutional Issues in Relation to the Methods of Assisted Reproduction and Genetic Applications. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 1994.
Kriari-Katrani, I. "The Constitution and the Draft Law of the Special Law-drafting Committee of the Ministry of Justice on “Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction”." bioethics.org.gr. http://bioethics.org.gr/Sintagmasxedonomoukriari.doc.
Leggett, H. "Becoming a Positive Parent: Reproductive Options for People with HIV." 2011. http://www.sfaf.org/hiv-info/hot-topics/beta/2011-beta-winterspring-fertility.pdf.
Milapidou, M. "The Age Factor and the Implementation Time of MAR Methods." In Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction, 10 Years of Implemented Law 3089/2002, Minutes of Conference in honor of Professor E. Kounougeri-Manoledaki, April 26-27, 2012, 189–198. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2013.
National Bioethics Committee. "Proposal on Draft Law “Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction”." October 11, 2002. http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/GNOMES/recom_med_ass_reprod_gr.pdf.
O’ Neill, O. Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics. Translated by Th. Dritsas. Edited by A. Chatzimoisis. Athens: Arsenidi Publications, 2011.
Panagopoulou-Koutnatzi, F. “Involuntary Paternity.” Newspaper of Administrative Law, 2015.
Papadopoulou, L. "Exclusions from Medical Assisted Reproduction Under Greek Law." In Changing Relationships, Relatives and Medical Assisted Reproduction, edited by B. Kantsa, 225–29. (In)Fercit, 2015. http://www.in-fercit.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Metavallomenes-sheseis.pdf.
Papazisis, Th. Civil Responsibility and HIV/AIDS Disease. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2003.
Petrou, I. "Human Freedom and the Social-Moral Issues of the Origins of Life." In Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction, 10 Years of Implemented Law 3089/2002, Minutes of the Conference in honour of Professor E. Kounougeri-Manoledaki, April 26-27, 2012, 21–31. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2013.
Ponte, M. "Niente Iscrizione All ‘Anagrafe Per II Figlio di Due Madri." La Repubblica, August 4, 2012. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2012/08/04/niente-iscrizione-allanagrafe-per-il-figlio-di.html?ref=search.
Roupakia, D. "Proposal on Draft Law “Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction”." October 11, 2002. http://www.bioethics.gr/images/pdf/GNOMES/recom_med_ass_reprod_gr.pdf.
Sachinidou, Ch. "Assisted Reproduction of Transgendered Individuals (Transsexuals)." In Assisted Reproduction and Alternative Family Structures, 125–40. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2014.
Skorini-Paparigopoulou, F. "National Authority of Assisted Reproduction: Experiences and Perspective." In Current Trends of Family Law, 13th Panhellenic Conference, Company of Judicial Studies Publications, Kavala, October 7-9, 2011, 32–35. Athens: Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications, 2013.
Trokana, Th. Human Reproduction, Private Autonomy and Its Limits. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2011.
Trokana, Th. "The Application of Methods of Medically Assisted Reproduction and the Interests of the Child to be Born." In Family Law in the 21st Century from Short-term to Structural Changes, Law and Society in the 21st Century, issue 26, 119–20. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2012.
Vidali, T. "When We Are “Things”: The Legislation on Reproduction and the Big Distinction in Law." In Medical Assistance in Human Reproduction, 10 Years of Implemented Law 3089/2002, Minutes of Conference in honour of Professor E. Kounougeri-Manoledaki, April 26-27, 2012, 53 et seq. Athens - Thessaloniki: Sakkoulas Publications, 2013.
Ziegler, A. R. “LGBT Rights and Economic Migration: Will the Liberalization of the Movement of Persons in Economic Integration Agreements Increase the Need for Common Regional Standards Regarding Civil Status Rights?.” In Equality and Justice: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the XXI Century, edited by A. Schuster, 219–230. Forum Edizioni, 2011.