Philo and Slavery

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Published: Mar 25, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/ethiki.22750
Keywords:
Philo of Alexandria; Slavery; Stoicism; Natural Slavery; Essenes; Allegorical Method; Ethical Freedom; Jewish Philosophy
Athanasios Ziakas
Abstract

This paper explores the philosophical and theological perspectives of Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE – 50 CE) regarding the institution of slavery. Positioned at the crossroads of Hellenistic philosophy and Jewish tradition, Philo utilizes the allegorical method to interpret Jewish scriptures through Stoic concepts. The author examines Philo's complex categorization of slavery, distinguishing between physical (bodily) servitude and moral (psychic) slavery. A central focus is the "natural slave," exemplified by the biblical figure of Esau, whom Philo views as inherently defective and in need of external control to manage his passions. Conversely, the paper highlights the Essenes as the first group in Western history to renounce slavery as a form of human ownership. Ultimately, Philo argues that true freedom is a quality of the soul and the virtuous mind, while the most "glorious" form of servitude is that which is directed toward the Divine.

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