To be or not to be alien, that is the question: the case of five new polychaete species from the Levantine Sea
Published:
May 25, 2026
Keywords:
Polychaeta Non-Indigenosus Species Biological Invasion Lessepian migration
Abstract
A series of sampling activities in the Tyre Coast Nature Reserve, on the Southern coast of Lebanon, in the context of the project Blue Tyre - Local Partnership for Sustainable Marine and Coastal Development, allowed for the collection of material to study the polychaete fauna of the area, with particular focus on Non-Indigenous Species (NIS). The detection of several taxonomical novelties resulted in the description of five new species belonging to four families: Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Nereididae, and Sabellidae. Based on clear differences compared to the historical polychaete fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and on the presence of morphological similarities or genetic correspondence with Indo-Pacific taxa, we suggest that, despite having Mediterranean type locality, the newly described species should be considered NIS in the Mediterranean. Thus, the present data reaffirm the importance of the Levantine Sea and the Lebanese coast as an outpost for the early tracking of bioinvasions in the Mediterranean area. Specific epithets of Pseudobranchiomma Jones, 1962 species are amended to their correct Latin gender, following article 30.1.2 of the I.Z.C.N. Lastly, a review of the available literature on both the genera Nereis Linnaeus, 1758 and Lysidice Lamarck, 1818 reveals the necessity of corrections to the taxonomic status of some species within these genera.
Article Details
- How to Cite
-
PUTIGNANO, M., TOSO, A., FUMAROLA, L. M., DIMICHELE, D., BARICHE, M., GIANGRANDE, A., MUSCO, L., PIRAINO, S., & LANGENECK , J. (2026). To be or not to be alien, that is the question: the case of five new polychaete species from the Levantine Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 27(2), 330–356. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.42046
- Section
- Research Article
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abd-Elnaby, F.A., 2017. Two new Sphaerosyllis (Polychaeta, Exogoninae) from Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. Advances in Biological Research, 11 (1), 51–55.
Abd-Elnaby, F.A., 2019. Catalog of Syllidae (Polychaeta) with reference to what was published in the Red Sea and Suez Canal, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 23 (5 Special Issue), 235–251.
Aguado, M.T., San Martín, G., 2007. Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Lebanon with two new reports for the Mediterranean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 48 (2), 207–224.
Ahyong, S., Boyko, C.B., Bernot, J., Brandão, S.N., Daly, M. et al., 2025. World Register of Marine Species. Available from https://www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2025-11-30.
Al-Kandari, M., Sattari, Z., Hussain, S., Radashevsky, V.I., Zhadan, A., 2019. Checklist of intertidal polychaetes (Annelida) of Kuwait, Northern part of the Arabian Gulf. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 32, 100872.
Albano, P.G., Steger, J., Bošnjak, M., Dunne, B., Guifarro, Z. et al., 2021. Native biodiversity collapse in the eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 288, 20202469.
Albano, P.G., Hong, Y., Steger, J., Yasuhara, M., Bartolini, S. et al., 2024. New records of non-indigenous species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Crustacea, Mollusca), with a revision of genus Isognomon (Mollusca: Bivalvia). PeerJ, 12, e17425.
Aljanabi, S.M., Martinez, I., 1997. Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR-based techniques. Nucleic acids research, 25 (22), 4692–4693.
Amoureux, L., 1976. Une interessante collection de Nereidiens (Annélides Polychètes) des côtes marocaines du detroit de Gibraltar. Nereis moroccensis, espece nouvelle pour la Science. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 258, 337–349.
Audouin, J.V., Milne Edwards, H., 1833. Classification des Annélides et description de celles qui habitent les côtes de la France. Annales des sciences naturelles, Paris, sér. 1, 28, 187–247.
Augener, H., 1913. Polychaeta I. Errantia. p. 65-304. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Michaelsen, W., Hartmeyer, R. (Eds). Gustav Fischer, Jena. Augener, H., 1918. Polychaeta. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas, 2 (2), 67–625.
Azzurro, E., Goren, M., Diamant, A., Galil, B., Bernardi, G., 2015. Establishing the identity and assessing the dynamics of invasion in the Mediterranean Sea by the dusky sweeper, Pempheris rhomboidea Kossmann & Räuber, 1877 (Pempheridae, Perciformes). Biological Invasions, 17 (3), 815–826.
Baird, W., 1865. On new tubicolous annelids, in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 8 (31–32), 157–160, plate V.
Bariche, M., Fricke, R., 2020. The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: an annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status. Zootaxa, 4775 (1), 1–157.
Ben-Eliahu, M.N., 1975. Polychaete cryptofauna from rims of similar intertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat: Nereidae (Polychaeta Errantia). Israel Journal of Zoology, 24, 177–191.
Ben-Eliahu, M.N., 1976. Errant polychaete cryptofauna (excluding Syllidae and Nereidae) from rims of similar in tertidal vermetid reefs on the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the Gulf of Elat. Israel Journal of Zoology, 25 (4), 156–177.
Benham, W.B., 1915. Notes on some New Zealand polychaetes. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 47, 161–170. Benoit, G., Comeau, A., 2012. A sustainable future for the Mediterranean: the Blue Plan’s environment and development outlook. Routledge, London, 456 pp.
Bergamo, G., Carrerette, O., Shimabukuro, M., Santos, C.S.G., Sumida, P.Y.G., 2023. Revealing a new eyeless Nereis (Nereididae: Annelida) clade from deep-sea organic falls. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 201 (1), 1–31.
Berkeley, E., 1927. Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part 3. Leodicidae to Spionidae. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 3 (17), 407–422.
Berthold, A.A., 1827. Natürliche Familien des Thierreichs aus dem Französischen. Mit Anmerkungen und Zusätzen. Landes-Industrie Comptoirs, Weimar, 606 pp.
Bianchi, C.N., 1981. Policheti serpuloidei. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monotipia Erredi, Genova, 100 pp. Bitar, G., Kouli-Bitar, S., 1998. Inventaire des mollusques marins benthiques du Liban et remarques biogéographiques sur quelques espèces nouvellement signalées. Mésogée (Marseille), 56, 37–44.
Bitar, G., Kouli-Bitar, S., 2001. Nouvelles données sur la faune et la flore benthiques de la côte Libanaise. Migration Lessepsienne. Thalassia Salentina, 25, 71–74.
Blainville, H.M.D., 1818. Mémoire sur la classe des Sétipodes, partie des Vers à sang rouge de M. Cuvier, et des Annélides de M. de Lamarck. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomatique de Paris, 1818 (3), 78–85.
Blake, J.A., 1985. Polychaeta from the vicinity of deep-sea geothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. I: Euphrosinidae, Phyllodocidae, Hesionidae, Nereididae, Glyceridae, Dorvilleidae, Orbiniidae and Maldanidae. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 6, 67–101.
Bonyadi-Naeini, A., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Glasby, C. J., Rahimian, H., 2018. Intertidal polychaetes from Abu Musa Island, Persian Gulf, with a new species from the Perinereis cultrifera species complex (Annelida: Nereididae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (8), 1965–1976.
Bos, A.R., Ogwang, J., Bariche, M., Horoiwa, M., Megahed, M. et al., 2020. Anti-Lessepsian migration rectified: the Comber Serranus cabrilla (L. 1758) existed in the Red Sea prior to the Suez Canal opening. Marine Biology, 167 (9), 1–10.
Bosc, L.A.G., 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Vers: contenant leur description et leurs moeurs, avec figures dessinées d’après nature. Guilleminet, Paris, chez Deterville. 3 vols. 324 pp. + pls. 1-10; 300 pp. + pls. 11-25; 270 pp. + pls. 26-32. 1–324.
Braithwaite, C.J.R., 1987. Geology and paleogeography of the Red Sea region. In: Red Sea, A.J. Edwards and S.M. Head (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, p. 22–44.
Bush, K.J., 1905. Tubicolous annelids of the tribes Sabellides and Serpulides from the Pacific Ocean. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 12, 169–346, plates XXI-XLIV.
Capa, M., Hutchings, P., 2021. Annelid diversity: historical overview and future perspectives. Diversity, 13 (3), 129. Capa, M., Murray, A., 2015. Integrative taxonomy of Parasabella and Sabellomma (Sabellidae: Annelida) from Australia: description of new species, indication of cryptic diversity, and translocation of some species out of their natural distribution range. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175 (4), 764–811.
Capa, M., Murray, A., 2016. Combined morphological and molecular data unveils relationships of Pseudobranchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida) and reveals higher diversity of this intriguing group of fan worms in Australia, including potentially introduced species. ZooKeys, 622, 1–36.
Capa, M., Pons, J., Hutchings, P., 2013. Cryptic diversity, intraspecific phenetic plasticity and recent geographical translocations in Branchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida). Zoologica Scripta, 42 (6), 637–655.
Carpentieri, P., Lelli, S., Colloca, F., Mohanna, C., Bartolino, V. et al., 2009. Incidence of Lessepsian migrants on landings of the artisanal fishery of south Lebanon. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2, e71.
Carr, C.M., Hardy, S.M., Brown, T.M., Macdonald, T.A., Hebert, P.D., 2011. A tri-oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLoS One, 6, e22232.
Carlton, J.T., Eldredge, L.G., 2009. Marine bioinvasions of Hawai’i. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 202 pp. Carlton, J.T., Schwindt, E., 2024. The assessment of marine bioinvasion diversity and history. Biological Invasions, 26 (1), 237–298.
Chamberlin, R.V., 1919. The Annelida Polychaeta [Albatross Expeditions]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 48, 1–514.
Chamisso, A.D., Eysenhardt, C.G., 1821. De animalibus quibusdam e classe vermium Linneana, in circumnavigatione Terrae, auspicante Comite N. Romanoff, duce Ottone di Kotzebue, annis 1815-1818 peracta, observatis Fasciculus secundus, reliquos vermes continens. Nova Acta physico- medica Academiae Cesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae, 10, 343–373, Plates 24–33.
Chen, C.A., Chen, C.P., Fan, T.Y., Yu, J.K., Hsieh, H.L., 2002. Nucleotide sequences of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers and their utility in distinguishing closely related Perinereis polychaetes (Annelida; Polychaeta; Nereididae). Marine Biotechnology, 4 (1), 17–29.
Çinar, M.E., 2005. Syllis ergeni: a new species of Syllidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean Sea). Zootaxa, 1036 (1), 43–53.
Çinar, M.E., 2009. Alien polychaete species (Annelida: Polychaeta) on the southern coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with 13 new records for the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Natural History, 43 (37-38), 2283–2328.
Çinar, M.E., Dagli, E., Kurt-Şahin, G., 2014. Checklist of Annelida from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38 (6), 734–764.
Çinar, M.E., Giangrande, A., 2018. A new species of Pseudobranchiomma (Sabellidae, Polychaeta) from the Sea of Marmara (Turkey). Marine Biodiversity, 48 (3), 1563–1569.
Çinar, M.E., Katağan, T., Öztürk, B., Dağli, E., Açik, S. et al., 2012. Spatio-temporal distributions of zoobenthos in Mersin Bay (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean) and the importance of alien species in benthic communities. Marine Biology Research, 8 (10), 954–968.
Çinar, M.E., Bakir, K., Öztürk, B., Katağan, T., Doğan, A. et al., 2017. Macrobenthic fauna associated with the invasive alien species Brachidontes pharaonis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Levantine Sea (Turkey). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97 (3), 613–628.
Çinar, M.E., Acik, Ş., Kurt, G., Erdoğan-Dereli, D., 2024. Diversity of Annelida from the coasts of Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 48 (6), 413–445.
Claparède, É., 1863. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere: an der Küste von Normandie angestellt. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 120 pp.
Claparède, É., 1864. Glanures zootomiques parmi les annélides de Port-Vendres (Pyrénées Orientales). Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 17 (2), 463–600.
Claparède, É., 1868. Les annélides chétopodes du Golfe de Naples. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 19 (2), 313–584.
Claparède, É., 1870. Les Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples. Supplément. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 20 (2), 365–542.
Cognetti, G., 1978. On some aspects of the ecology of the benthic littoral polychaetes. Italian Journal of Zoology, 45 (2), 145–154.
Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Ben Rais Lasram, F. et al., 2010. The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PloS One, 5 (8), e11842.
Crocetta, F., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H., Oliverio, M., 2020. Increase in knowledge of the marine gastropod fauna of Lebanon since the 19th century. Bulletin of Marine Science, 96 (1), 1–22.
Crossland, C., 1924. Polychaeta of tropical East Africa, the Red Sea, and Cape Verde Islands collected by Cyril Crossland, and of the Maldive Archipelago collected by Professor Stanley, M.A., F.R.S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 94 (1), 1–106.
Dafni, J., 2008. Diversity and recent changes in the echinoderm fauna of the Gulf of Aqaba with emphasis on the regular echinoids. p. 225-242. In: Aqaba–Eilat, the Improbable Gulf. Environment, Biodiversity and Preservation. Por, F.D. (Ed). Magnes Press, Jerusalem. Dalyell, J.G., 1853. The Powers of the Creator Displayed in the Creation: or, Observations on Life Amidst the Various Forms of the Humbler Tribes of Animated Nature: with Practical Comments and Illustrations. Volume II. John van Voorst, London, 359 pp.
Darbyshire, T., 2014. Intertidal and nearshore Nereididae (Annelida) of the Falkland Islands, southwestern Atlantic, including a new species of Gymnonereis. ZooKeys, 427, 75–108.
Darmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P., Cabos Narvaez, W.D. et al., 2019. Future evolution of marine heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea. Climate Dynamics, 53 (3), 1371–1392.
Day, J.H., 1965. Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962, Reports no. 7. Some Polychaeta from the Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962. Bulletin of the Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, 38, 15–27.
Day, J.H., 1967. A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 1. Errantia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 458 pp.
Deidun, A., Attard, S., Camilleri, M., Vella Gaffiero, J., Hampson, D. et al., 2016. The first record of the Sargocentron genus from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) – who will unravel the current conundrum? BioInvasions Records, 5 (2), 123–126.
Delle Chiaje, S., 1823-1831. Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Volumes 1-4. Fratelli Fernandes (vol. 1) and Stamperia della Società Tipografica, Naples (vol. 2-4), pp. i-xii, 1-84 [1823], pp. 1-184 [1824] (vol. 1); pp. [1-4] + 185-224 [1825], pp. 225-444 [1826] (vol. 2); pp. i-xx, pp. 1-232 [1828] (vol. 3); pp. i-vii [1831], 1-116 [1830], pp. 117-214 [1831]; pl. 1-109 (vol. 4).
Delle Chiaje, S., 1841–1844. Descrizione e notomia degli animali invertebrati della Sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822–1830. Volumes 1-8. Battelli & Co., Naples. 98 pp. (vol. 1); 146 pp. (vol. 2); 142 pp. (vol. 3); 142 pp. (vol. 4); 165 pp. (vol. 5); pl. 1-173 (vol. 6-7) [1841]; pl. 174-181 [1844]; 48 pp. (vol. 8) [1844].
Díaz, A., López, E., 2020. Four new records of Eunicidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the western Philippines Islands. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 36 (2), 321–332.
Dragičević, B., Anadoli, O., Angel, D., Benabdi, M., Bitar, G. et al., 2019. New Mediterranean biodiversity records (December 2019). Mediterranean Marine Science, 20 (3), 645–656.
Ehlers, E., 1864. Die Borstenwürmer (Annelida Chaetopoda) nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Volume 1. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 269 pp.
Ehlers, E., 1868. Die Borstenwürmer (Annelida Chaetopoda) nach systematischen und anatomischen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Volume 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 479 pp.
Ehlers, E., 1899. Ueber Palolo (Eunice viridis Gr.). Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse, 1899, 400–415.
Ehlers, E., 1904. Neuseeländische Anneliden. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, neue Folge, 1–80.
Ehlers, E., 1920. Polychaeten von Java und Amboina. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der malaiischen Strandfauna. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Ser. neue Folge, 10 (7), 1–73.
Elgetany, A.H., El-Ghobashy, A.E., Ghoneim, A., Struck, T.H., 2018. Description of a new species of the genus Marphysa (Eunicidae), Marphysa aegypti sp. n., based on molecular and morphological evidence. Invertebrate Zoology, 15 (1), 71–84.
Elgetany, A.H., Struck, T.H., Glasby, C.J., 2022. Three new species of the genus Perinereis (Annelida, Nereididae) from Egyptian coasts. ZooKeys, 1132, 163.
Engel, M.S., Ceríaco, L.M., Daniel, G.M., Dellapé, P.M., Löbl, I. et al., 2021. The taxonomic impediment: a shortage of taxonomists, not the lack of technical approaches. Zoologi cal Journal of the Linnean Society, 193 (2), 381–387.
Engin, S., Larson, H., Irmak, E., 2018. Hazeus ingressus sp. nov. a new goby species (Perciformes: Gobiidae) and a new invasion in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 19 (2), 316–325.
Essl, F., Bacher, S., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M. et al., 2018. Which taxa are alien? Criteria, applications, and uncertainties. BioScience, 68 (7), 496–509.
Fauvel, P., 1918. Annélides Polychètes des côtes d’Arabie récoltées par M. Ch. Pérez. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 24 (5), 329–344.
Fauvel, P., 1923. Faune de France 5: Polychètes Errantes. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 488 pp.
Fauvel, P., 1927. Faune de France 16: Polychètes Sédentaires. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 485 pp.
Fauvel, P., 1958. Contributions to the knowledge of the Red Sea. 7. Sur quelques Annélides Polychètes du Golfe d’Akaba, 2. Bulletin. Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa, 16, 15–22.
Fortič, A., Rasheed, R., Almajid, Z., Badreddine, A., Báez, J. et al., 2023. New records of introduced species in the Mediterranean Sea (April 2023). Mediterranean Marine Science, 24 (1), 182–202.
Froukh, T., Kochzius, M., 2008. Species boundaries and evolutionary lineages in the blue green damselfishes Chromis viridis and Chromis atripectoralis (Pomacentridae). Journal of Fish Biology, 72 (2), 451–457.
Furfaro, G., Schreier, C., Trainito, E., Pontes, M., Madrenas, E. et al., 2022. The sea slug Doriopsilla areolata Bergh, 1880 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the Mediterranean Sea: Another case of cryptic diversity. Diversity, 14 (4), 297.
Gaber, I., Elghazaly, M., 2021. First record of two sabelline fan-worms in the tunic of the exotic sea squirt Cnemidocarpa amphora (Kott, 1992) (Stolidobranchia, Styelidae) from the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 47 (2), 185–190.
Galil, B.S., 2001. A revision of Myra Leach, 1817 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Leucosioidea). Zoologische Mededelingen, 75, 409–446.
Galil, B.S., 2007. Seeing red: alien species along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions, 2 (4), 281–312.
Galil, B.S., Gershwin, L.A., Douek, J., Rinkevich, B., 2010. Marivagia stellata gen. et sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae), another alien jellyfish from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions, 5 (4), 331–340.
Galil, B.S., Mienis, H.K., Hoffman, R., Goren, M., 2021. Non-indigenous species along the Israeli Mediterranean coast: tally, policy, outlook. Hydrobiologia, 848 (9), 2011–2029.
Geller, J., Meyer, C., Parker, M., Hawk, H., 2013. Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all‐taxa biotic surveys. Molecular Ecology Resources, 13 (5), 851–861.
Giangrande, A., 2003. Biodiversity, conservation, and the ‘Taxonomic impediment’. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13 (5), 451–459.
Giles, E.C., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Hussey, N.E., Ravasi, T., Berumen, M. L., 2015. Exploring seascape genetics and kinship in the reef sponge Stylissa carteri in the Red Sea. Ecology and Evolution, 5 (13), 2487–2502.
Golo, R., Vergés, A., Díaz-Tapia, P., Cebrian, E., 2023. Implications of taxonomic misidentification for future invasion predictions: Evidence from one of the most harmful invasive marine algae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 191, 114970.
Gravier, C., 1899. Contribution à l’étude des Annélides Polychètes de la Mer Rouge (Suite). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, 288–298.
Gravier, C., 1900. Contribution à l’étude des annélides polychètes de la Mer Rouge. Première partie. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e Série, 2, 137–282, plates 9–14.
Gravier, C., 1901. Contribution à l’étude des annélides polychètes de la Mer Rouge (Suite). Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e Série, 3 (2), 147– 268, plates 7–10.
Gravier, C., 1902. Contribution à l’étude des annélides polychètes de la Mer Rouge. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum, 4, 147–268.
Gravier, C., 1905. Sur les Annélides Polychètes de la Mer Rouge (Flabelligériens, Ophéliens, Capitelliens, Chétoptériens). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 11 (2), 89–94.
Gravier, C., 1906. Sur les Annélides Polychètes de la Mer Rouge (Serpulides). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 12, 110–115.
Gravier, C., Dantan, J.L., 1934. Annelides polychetes recueillies au cours de peches nocturnes a la lumiere sur les cotes d’Annam. Annales de l’Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 14 (3), 37–135.
Gravier, C., Dantan, J.L., 1936. Pêches nocturnes à la lumière artificielle sur les côtes de l’Indochine. Annélides polychètes. Note. Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine, Station Maritime de Cauda, 29, 67–71.
Gravina, M.F., Lezzi, M., Bonifazi, A., Giangrande, A., 2015. The genus Nereis L., 1758 (Polychaeta, Nereididae): State of the art for identification of Mediterranean species. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie B, 122, 147–164.
Grube, A.E., 1840. Actinien, Echinodermen und Würmer des Adriatischen- und Mittelmeers nach eigenen Sammlungen beschrieben. J.H. Bon, Königsberg, 92 pp.
Grube, A. E., 1850. Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 16 (1), 249–364.
Grube, A.E., 1855. Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig bekannter Anneliden. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 21 (1), 81–136.
Grube, A.E., 1857. Annulata Örstediana. Enumeratio Annulatorum, quae in itinere per Indiam occidentalem et Americam centralem annis 1845-1848 suscepto legit cl. A. S. Örsted, adjectis speciebus nonnullis a cl. H. Kröyero in itinere ad Americam meridionalem collectis. (Fortsaettelse). [Part 2]. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Köbenhavn, 1857, 158–186.
Grube, A.E., 1868. Beschreibungen einiger von Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld gesammelter Anneliden und Gephyreen des rothen Meeres. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 629–650.
Grube, A.E., 1869. Beschreibungen neuer oder weniger bekannter von Hrn. Ehrenberg gesammelter Anneliden des rothen Meeres. Monatsbericht der Koniglich Preussischer Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1869, 484-521.
Grube, A.E., 1870. Ueber eine neue Amphinome (A. umbo) der letzten Godeffroy’schen Sendung. Jahres-Bericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur, Breslau, 47, 54–55.
Grube, A.E., 1874. Descriptiones Annulatorum novorum mare Ceylonicum habitantium ab honoratissimo Holdsworth collectorum, auctore. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 42 (1), 325–329.
Grube, A.E., 1878. Annulata Semperiana. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Annelidenfauna der Philippinen nach den von Herrn Prof. Semper mitgebrachten Sammlungen. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, série 7, 25 (8), 1–300.
Halt, M.N., Kupriyanova, E.K., Cooper, S.J.B., Rouse, G.W., 2009. Naming species with no morphological indicators: species status of Galeolaria caespitosa (Annelida: Serpulidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences and morphology. Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 205–222.
Hamdy, R., Elebiary, N., Abd-Elnaby, F., Dorgham, M., Hamdan, A., 2023. New alien polychaetes to the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 27, 525–544.
Hartman, O., 1948. The polychaetous annelids of Alaska. Pacific Science, 2 (1), 3–58.
Hartman, O., 1964. Polychaeta Errantia of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series, 3, 1–131.
Hartman, O., 1967. Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic Seas. Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology, 2, 1–387.
Hartmann-Schröder, G., 1960. Polychaeten aus dem Roten Meer. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 16 (1), 69–125.
Hartmann-Schröder, G., 1962. Zweiter Beitrag zur Polychaetenfauna von Peru. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 18 (1), 109–147.
Hartmann-Schröder, G., 1965. Zur Kenntnis des Sublitorals der chilenischen Küste unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. II Die Polychaeten des Sublitorals. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 62 (Supplement), 59–305.
Hartmann-Schröder, G., 1985. Revision der Gattung Ceratonereis Kinberg (Nereididae, Polychaeta) (Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Arten mit eingeschnittenem Prostomium). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 82, 37–59.
Hilbig, B., 1992. New polychaetous annelids of the families Nereididae, Hesionidae and Nephtyidae from the Santa Maria Basin, California with a redescription of Glycera nana Johnson, 1901. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 105 (4), 709–722.
Hooper, D.U., Chapin, F.S.III, Ewel, J.J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P. et al., 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75 (1), 3–35.
Horst, R., 1902. Over de “wawo” van Rumphius (Lysidice oele, n. sp.). p. 105-108. In: Rumphius Gedenkboek, Greshoff, M. (Ed). Koloniaal Museum, Haarlem, the Netherlands.
Horst, R., 1924. Polychaeta Errantia of the Siboga Expedition. Pt. 3. Nereidae and Hesionidae. Siboga-Expeditie Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Bonatisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië 1899- 1900, 24 (1c), 145–198.
Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R., Connolly, S.R., 2002. Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecology Letters, 5 (6), 775–784.
Hutchings, P., Kupriyanova, E., 2018. Cosmopolitan polychaetes– fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics, 32 (1), 1–9.
Iannotta, M.A., Gambi, M.C., Patti, F.P., 2009. Molecular evidence of intraspecific variability in Lysidice ninetta (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Biology, 6, 121–132.
Imajima, M., 1972. Review of the annelid worms of the family Nereididae of Japan, with descriptions of five new species or subspecies. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, 15, 37–153.
Johnston, G., 1846. An index to the British Annelides. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 1, 16 (Supplement), 433–462.
Johnston, G., 1865. A catalogue of the British non-parasitical worms in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 365 pp.
Jones, M.L., 1962. On some polychaetous annelids from Jamaica, the West Indies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 124 (5), 169–212.
Kinberg, J.G.H., 1865. Annulata nova. Nereidum dispositio nova. Öfversigt af Kongelige Vetenskaps-akademiens Förhandlingar, 22, 167–179.
Kinberg, J.G.H., 1866. Annulata nova. [Continuatio.]. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskaps-akademiens Förhandlingar, 23, 337–357.
Knight-Jones, P., Giangrande, A., 2003. Two new species of an atypical group of Pseudobranchiomma Jones (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Hydrobiologia, 496 (1), 95–103.
Kölliker, A., 1858. Ueber Kopfkiemer mit Augen an den Kiemen. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 9, 536–541.
Kurt Şahin, G., Çinar, M.E., 2009. Eunicidae (Polychaeta) species in and around İskenderun Bay (Levantine Sea, Eastern Mediterranean) with a new alien species for the Mediterranean Sea and a re-description of Lysidice collaris. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33 (3), 331–347.
Lamarck, J.B., 1818. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, préséntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s’y rapportent; precedes d’une Introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l’Animal, sa distinction du vegetal et desautres corps naturels, enfin, l’Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Volume 5. Paris, Deterville, 612 pp.
Langeneck, J., Englezou, C., Di Maggio, M., Castelli, A., Maltagliati, F., 2021. Phylogeography of Aphanius fasciatus (Osteichthyes: Aphaniidae) in the Mediterranean Sea, with a focus on its conservation in Cyprus. Hydrobiologia, 848 (17), 4093–4114.
Langeneck, J., Putignano, M., Dimichele, D., Giangrande, A., Bilan, M. et al., 2024a. Non-indigenous polychaetes along the Salento Peninsula: new records and first molecular data. Mediterranean Marine Science, 25 (1), 184–203.
Langeneck, J., Bertasi, F., Grossi, L., Lefons, F., Vani, D. et al., 2024b. New records of one cryptogenic and two questionable alien species of polychaetes (Annelida) in Italian waters. Acta Adriatica, 65 (2), 153–168.
Langerhans, P., 1880. Die wurmfauna Madeiras. II. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 33 (1-2), 271–316.
Latreille, P. A., 1825. Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposé succinctement et dans un ordre analytique avec l’indication de leurs genres. J. B. Baillière, Paris, 570 pp.
Lattig, P., Martin, D., 2011. Two new endosymbiotic species of Haplosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, with new data on H. djiboutiensis from the Persian Gulf. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (S1), 112–123.
Laubier, L., 1966. Sur quelques annélides polychètes de la region de Beyrouth. Miscellaneous Papers in Natural Sciences of the American University of Beirut, 5, 1–14.
Lavesque, N., Daffe, G., Bonifácio, P., Hutchings, P., 2017. A new species of the Marphysa sanguinea complex from French waters (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic) (Annelida, Eunicidae). ZooKeys, 716, 1–17.
Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 1(10), [iii], 824 pp.
Linnaeus, C., 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale, 1 & 2. Holmiae [Stockholm], Laurentii Salvii, pp. 1–532 [1766], pp. 533–1327 [1767].
Linnaeus, C., 1788. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta reformata. Cura J.F. Gmelin. G.E. Beer, Lipsiae, 1684 pp.
Liu, Y., Hutchings, P., Kupriyanova, E., 2018. Two new species of Marphysa Quatrefages, 1865 (Polychaeta: Eunicida: Eunicidae) from northern coast of China and redescription for Marphysa orientalis Treadwell, 1936. Zootaxa, 4377 (2), 191–215.
Lo Bianco, S., 1893. Gli anellidi tubicoli trovati nel golfo di Napoli. Tipi della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Naples, 101 pp.
Malaquias, M.A.E., Zamora-Silva, A., Vitale, D., Spinelli, A., De Matteo, S. et al., 2017. The Suez Canal as a revolving door for marine species: a reply to Galil et al. (2016). Aquatic Invasions, 12 (1), 1–4.
Malmgren, A.J., 1866. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskaps-akademiens Förhandlingar, 22 (5), 355–410, plates XVIII–XXIX.
Mariotti, A., Pan, Y., Zeng, N., Alessandri, A., 2015. Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the midst of decadal variability. Climate Dynamics, 44 (5), 1437–1456.
MacDonald, J.D., 1858. On the external anatomy and natural history of the annelids named Palolo by the Samoans and Tongaese and Mbalolo by the Fijians. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 22 (3), 237–239.
McIntosh, W.C., 1885. Report on the Annelida Polychaeta collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. p. 1–554. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology, vol. 12, Thomson, C.W., Murray, J. (Eds). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, the United Kingdom.
Montagu, G., 1804. Description of several marine animals found on the south coast of Devonshire. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, 7, 61–85, pls. 6–7.
Monro, C.C.A., 1930. Polychaete worms. Discovery Reports, 2, 1–222.
Moore, J.P., 1909. Polychaetous annelids from Monterey Bay and San Diego, California. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 61, 235–295.
Mortimer, K., Cassa, S., Martin, D., Gil, J., 2012. New records and new species of Magelonidae (Polychaeta) from the Arabian Peninsula, with a re–description of Magelona pacifica and a discussion on the magelonid buccal region. Zootaxa, 3331, 1–43.
Müller, O.F., 1776. Zoologiae Danicae prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum: characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. Typis Hallagerii, Havni, Copenhagen, 282 pp.
Nogueira, J.M.M., Knight-Jones, P., 2002. A new species of Pseudobranchiomma Jones (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) found amongst Brazilian coral, with a redescription of P. punctata (Treadwell) from Hawaii. Journal of Natural History, 36 (14), 1661–1670.
Nogueira, J.M.M., Rossi, M.C.S., Lopez, E., 2006. Intertidal species of Branchiomma Kölliker and Pseudobranchiomma Jones (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) occurring on rocky shores along the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Zoological Studies, 45 (4), 586–610.
Nogueira, J.M.M., Fitzhugh, K., Rossi, M.C.S., 2010. A new genus and new species of fan worms (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - the formal treatment of taxon names as explanatory hypotheses. Zootaxa, 2603 (1), 1–52.
Nygren, A., 2014. Cryptic polychaete diversity: a review. Zoologica Scripta, 43 (2), 172–183.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Marchini, A., Cantone, G., Castelli, A., Chimenz, C. et al., 2011. Alien species along the Italian coasts: an overview. Biological Invasions, 13 (1), 215–237.
Örsted, A.S., 1843. Annulatorum danicorum conspectus. Fasc. I. Maricolæ. Quæstio ab universitate Hafniensi ad solvendum proposita et proemio ornata. Sumtibus Librariæ Wahalianæ. Typis excudit Louis Klein, Hafniae [Copenhagen], 60 pp.
Pallas, P.S., 1788. Marina varia nova et rariora. Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanea, 2, 229–249, plates 5–7.
Palumbi, S. R., Martin, A., Romano, S., McMillan, W.O., Stice, L. et al., 1991. The simple fool’s guide to PCR, version 2.0. Department of Zoology and Kewalo Marine Laboratory. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, the U.S.A, 45 pp.
Parfitt, E., 1866. Description of a Nereis new to science. The Zoologist, London, 1 (series 2), 113–114. Pennant, T., 1812. British Zoology. A new edition in four volumes. vol IV. Class V. Crustacea. Class VI. Vermes. Wilkie & Robinson, London, xvi+379 pp., 95 pls.
Perkins, T.H., 1984. Revision of Demonax Kinberg, Hypsicomus Grube, and Notaulax Tauber, with a review of Megalomma Johansson from Florida (Polychaeta: Sabellidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97, 285–368.
Pettibone, M.H., 1961. New species of polychaete worms from the Atlantic Ocean, with a revision of the Dorvilleidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 74 (19), 167–186.
Piraino, S., Aglieri, G., Martell, L., Mazzoldi, C., Melli, V. et al., 2014. Pelagia benovici sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa): a new jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa, 3794 (3), 455–468.
Por, F.D., 1978. Lessepsian Migration. The Influx of Red Sea Biota into the Mediterranean by way of the Suez Canal. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 238 pp.
Putignano, M., Çinar, M.E., Pelaprat, C., Giangrande, A., 2023. New combinations of two Pseudobranchiomma species (Annelida: Sabellidae): The difficulty in establishing a boundary layer among genera within the Sabellinae. Mediterranean Marine Science, 24 (2), 292–298.
Quatrefages, A. de, 1865-1866. Histoire naturelle des Annelés marins et d’eau douce. Annélides et Géphyriens. Volume 1. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 588 pp.
Ravara, A., Carvalho, S., 2017. Nephtyidae (Polychaeta, Phyllodocida) from the Red Sea, with record of a new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97 (5), 843–856.
Reuscher, M.G., 2017. Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Red Sea reef Al Fahal (Saudi Arabia) with the description of a new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97 (1), 99–104.
Rifi, M., Basti, L., Rizzo, L., Tanduo, V., Radulovici, A. et al., 2023. Tackling bioinvasions in commercially exploitable species through interdisciplinary approaches: A case study on blue crabs in Africa’s Mediterranean coast (Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 291, 108419.
Roberts, C.M., Shepherd, A.R. D., Ormond, R.F.G., 1992. Large-scale variation in assemblage structure of Red Sea butterflyfishes and angelfishes. Journal of Biogeography, 19, 239–250.
Rohling, E.J., Fenton, M., Jorissen, F.J., Bertrand, P., Gnassen, G. et al., 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature, 394 (6689), 162–165.
Ross, J., 1819. A voyage of discovery in His Majesty’s ships Isabella and Alexander [in 1818] for the purpose of exploring Baffin’s Bay and enquiring into the possibility of a northwest passage. John Murray, London, 251 pp.
Rousou, M., Langeneck, J., Apserou, C., Arvanitidis, C., Charalambous, S. et al., 2023. Polychaetes (Annelida) of Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): an updated and annotated checklist including new distribution records. Diversity, 15 (8), 941.
Schmarda, L.K., 1861. Neue Wirbellose Thiere: Beobachted und Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde 1853 bis 1857. In Turbellarien, Rotatorien und Anneliden. Erster Band, Zweite Hälfte. Leipzig, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 164 pp.
Schulze, A., 2006. Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Palolo worms (Palola, Eunicidae) from the tropical North Pacific and the Caribbean. The Biological Bulletin, 210 (1), 25–37.
Sjölin, E., Erséus, C., Källersjö, M., 2005. Phylogeny of Tubificidae (Annelida, Clitellata) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35 (2), 431–441.
Stair, J.B., 1847. An account of Palolo, a sea worm eaten in the Navigator Islands, with a description by J.E. Gray. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 17–18.
Tauber, P., 1879. Annulata Danica. En Kritisk Revision af de i Danmark Fundne Annulata Chaetognatha, Gephyrea, Balanoglossi, Discophoreae, Oligochaeta, Gymnocopa og Polychaeta. Reitzel, København, 143 pp.
Teixeira, M.A., Fourreau, C.J.L., Sempere-Valverde, J., Carvalho, S., 2024. Two new records and description of a new Perinereis (Annelida, Nereididae) species for the Saudi Arabian Red Sea region. ZooKeys, 1196, 331–354.
Toso, A., Musco, L., 2023. The hidden invasion of the alien seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson along Southeastern Italy. Mediterranean Marine Science, 24 (1), 96–100.
Toso, A., Putignano, M., Fumarola, L. M., Bariche, M., Giangrande, A. et al., 2024. A revised inventory of Annelida in the Lebanese coastal waters with ten new aliens for the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 25 (3), 715–731.
Toso, Y., Fumarola, L.M., Toso, A., Anglano, M., Tahhan, R. et al., 2025. Expanding the zooplankton inventory of the Levantine Basin: novel taxa and first records from South Lebanon. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13 (11), 2104.
Tovar-Hernández, M.A., Dean, H., 2014. A new gregarious sabellid worm from the Gulf of California reproducing by spontaneous fission (Polychaeta, Sabellidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94 (5), 935–946.
Treadwell, A.L., 1906. Polychaetous annelids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 1145–1181.
Treadwell, A.L., 1922. Leodicidae from Fiji and Samoa. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 312, 127–170, plates 1–8.
Treadwell, A.L., 1941. Polychaetous annelids from the New England region, Porto Rico and Brazil. American Museum Novitates, 1138, 1–4.
Tsiamis, K., Palialexis, A., Stefanova, K., Gladan, Ž. N., Skejić, S., et al., 2019. Non-indigenous species refined national baseline inventories: A synthesis in the context of the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 429–435.
Ulman, A., Ferrario, J., Forcada, A., Seebens, H., Arvanitidis, C. et al., 2019. Alien species spreading via biofouling on recreational vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56 (12), 2620–2629.
Vagenas, G., Karachle, P.K., Oikonomou, A., Stoumboudi, M.T., Zenetos, A., 2024. Decoding the spread of non-indigenous fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientific Reports, 14 (1), 6669.
Viéitez, J.M., Alós, C., Parapar, J., Besteiro, C., Moreira, J. et al., 2004. Fauna Iberica, Vol. 25: Annelida Polychaeta I. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, 530 pp.
Villalobos-Guerrero, T.F., 2019. Redescription of two overlooked species of the Perinereis nuntia complex and morphological delimitation of P. nuntia (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) from the Red Sea (Annelida, Nereididae). Zoosystema, 41 (1), 465–496.
Vine, P.J., 1972. Spirorbinae (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from the Red Sea, including descriptions of a new genus and four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51 (2), 177–201.
Webster, H.E., 1879. The Annelida Chaetopoda of the Virginian coast. Transactions of the Albany Institute, 9, 202–269.
Wehe, T., 2006. Revision of the scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditoidea) occurring in the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Part I: Polynoidae. Fauna of Arabia, 22, 23–197.
Wehe, T., 2007. Revision of the scale worms (Polychaeta: Aphroditoidea) occurring in the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula. Part II. Sigalionidae. Fauna of Arabia, 23, 41–124.
Wehe, T., 2017. New records of scale worms (polychaeta: Annelida) from the Red Sea collected during the KAU–SRI biodiversity survey along the coast of Saudi Arabia. Families Iphionidae, Polynoidae and Sigalionidae. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1131–1136.
Wehe, T., Fiege, D., 2002. Annotated checklist of the polychaete species of the seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf. Fauna of Arabia, 19, 7–238.
Wolf, P.S., 1986. Three new species of Dorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Puerto Rico and Florida and a new genus for dorvillleids from Scandinavia and North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 99 (4), 627–638.
Wu, B.L., Sun, R., Yang, D., 1981. The Nereidae (Polychaetous Annelids) of the Chinese Coast. Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, 234 pp.
Zachs, I., 1933. Annelid worm fauna North-Japanese sea (Polychaeta). Gosudarstvennyi Gidrologicheskii Institut, Issledovaniia Morei SSSR, Leningrad, 14, 125–137.
Zenetos, A., Meriç, E., Verlaque, M., Galli, P., Boudouresque, C.F. et al., 2008. Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with special emphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites. Mediterranean Marine Science, 9 (1), 119–166.
Zibrowius, H., Bitar, G., 1981. Serpulidae (Annelida Polychaeta) indo-pacifiques établis dans la region de Beyrouth, Liban. Rapports de la Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration de la Méditerranée, 27, 159–160.
