Equine influenza

PDF
Published: Nov 10, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14847
Keywords:
equine Influenza H3N8 vaccines
M. BOUNTOURI (Μ. ΜΠΟΥΝΤΟΥΡΗ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of F arm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agrìcultural University of Athens
E. FRAGKIADAKI (Ε. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agrìcultural University of Athens
V. DAFIS (Β. ΝΤΑΦΗΣ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agrìcultural University of Athens
E. XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ)
Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agrìcultural University of Athens
Abstract

Equine Influenza (ΕΙ) is an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease of equine. The causative agent of EI infections is a type A influenza virus, classified into the family Orthomyxovirìdae. Up to today two subtypes of EI are known, subtype 1 (H7N7) and subtype 2 (H3N8). Subtype 1 has not been isolated since 1977 and is presumed that has been replaced by the subtype 2, which is the causative agent of many recent outbreaks. Antigenic drift of H3N8 viruses resulted in the divergence of strains into two distinct evolutionary lineages, which co-circulate. The high morbidity of equine influenza disease was demonstrated in all resent widespread outbreaks all over the world. On the other hand, the mortality rate of influenza disease in equids is generally low, unless secondary bacterial infections occurred. Devastating economic loss of the disease in breeding and race animals reinforced the importance of vaccination. Despite the extensive use of vaccines, outbreaks of equine influenza continue to occur. In 2003 there were widespread outbreaks of equine influenza among un vaccinates and regularly vaccinated horses in Europe and later all over the world, even in regions that rarely report equine influenza outbreaks. However, studies have shown that vaccination does not prevent transmission and on the other hand multiple booster doses could result to paralysis of the immune system. Furthermore, all these developments including transmission to swine and dogs, shows the unpredictable evolutionary pathways the equine influenza virus follows. In conclusion, influenza surveillance and research should go on and provide useful tools to better evaluate when vaccine strains should be updated.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Review Articles

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Anon, (2008). Summary of the Australian equine influenza outbreak. Vet Record. 163: 378.
Barbie L., Madie J., Turk N., Daly J. (2009). Vaccine failure caused an outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia. Vet Microbiol 133:164-171.
Barquero N., Daly J.M., Newton J.R. (2007). Risk factors for influenza infection in vaccinated racehorses: lessons from an outbreak in Newmarket, UK in 2003. Vaccine 25: 7520-7529.
Bountouri M., E. Plakokefalos, V. Ntafis, E. Fragkiadaki, E. Xylouri (2008), Isolation and molecular characterization of equine influenza in Greece, 5th Pan-Hellenic Congress of Virology, Athens, Greece, November 2008.
Bountouri M., E. Fragkiadaki, V. Ntafis, Th., Kanellos, E. Xylouri: Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from Greece (2003 and 2007): Evidence for reassortment between evolutionary lineages. Virology Journal 2011, 8:350
Brurrows R., Denyer M. (1982). Antigenic properties of some equine influenza viruses. Arch Virol 73:15-24.
Bryant N.A., Paillot R., Rash A.S., Medcalf E., Montesso F., Ross J., Watson J., Lewis R., Newton J.R., Elton D.M. (2010). Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak. Vet Res 41:19.
Bryant N.A., Rash A.S., Russell CA., Ross J., Cooke Α., Bowman S., Shona MacRae Α., Lewis N.S., Paillot R., Zanoni R., Meier H.,Griffiths L.A., Daly J.M., Tiwari Α., Chambers T.M., Newton J.R., Elton D.M. (2009). Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007. Vet Microbiol 38:41-52.
Callinan I. (2008). Equine Influenza: The August 2007 Outbreak in Australia. Report of the Equine Influenza Inquiry. The Commonwealth of Australia, http://www.equineinfluenzainquiry.gov.au/eiiexhibits/REP.OOOl.OOl.OOOl.pdf
Chambers T.M., Shortridge K.F., Li P.H., Powell D.G., Watkins K.L. (1994). Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-Α enzyme immunoassay. Vet Ree 135: 275-279.
Cook R.F., Sinclair R., Mumford J.A. (1988). Detection of influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/ equine influenza (H3N8) viruses. J Virol Methods 20:1-12.
Crawford P.C., Dubovi E.J., Castleman W.L., Stephenson I., Gibbs E.P., Chen L., Smith C, Hill R.C., Ferro P., Pompey J., Bright R.A., Medina M.J., Johnson CM., Olsen C.W., Cox N.J., Klimov A.I., Katz JM., Donis R.O. (2005). Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Science 310:482-485.
Daly J.M., Blunden A.S., MaCrae S., Miller J., Bowman S.J., Kolodziejek J., Nowotny Ν., Smith K.C. (2008). Transmission of equine influenza virus to English foxhounds. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 461-464.
Daly J.M., Lai A.C., Binns M.M., Chambers T.M., Barrandeguy M., Mumford J.A. (1996). Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 7(4): 661-671.
Daly J.M., MacRae S., Newton J.R., Wattrang E., Elton D.M. (2010). Equine influenza: A review of an unpredictable virus. Vet J doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.026
Daly J.M., Newton J.R., Mumford J.A. (2004). Current perspectives on control of equine influenza. Vet Res 35(4): 411-423.
Daly J.M., Whitwell K.E., Miller J., Dowd G., Cardwell J.M., Smith K.C. (2006). Investigation of equine influenza cases exhibiting neurological disease: coincidence or association? J Comp Pathol 134:231-235.
Daly J.M., Yates R.J., Browse G., Swann Z., Newton J.R., Jessett D., Davis-Poynter N., Mumford J.A. (2003). Comparison of hamster and pony challenge models for evaluation of effect of antigenic drift on cross protection afforded by equine influenza vaccines. Equine Vet J 35(5): 458-462.
Damiani A.M., Scicluna M.T., Ciabatti I., Cardeti G., Sala M., Vulcano G., Cordioli P., Martella V., Amaddeo D., Autorino G.L. (2008). Genetic characterization ofequine influenza viruses isolated in Italy between 1999 and 2005. Virus Res 131:100-105.
Fouchier R.A.M., Bestebroer T.M., Herfst S., Van Der Kemp L., Rimmelzwaan G.F., Osterhaus A.D.M.E. (2000). Detection of influenza A viruses from different species by PCR amplification of conserved sequences in the matrix gene. J Clin Microbiol 38:4096-4101.
Guo Y., Wang M., Kawaoka Y., Gorman O., Ito T., Saito T., Webster R.G. (1992). Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology 188(1): 245-255.
Guo Y., Wang M., Zheng G.S., Li W.K., Kawaoka Y., Webster R.G. (1995). Seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two H3N8 equine influenza viruses in China in 1993-94. J Gen Virol 76:2009-2014.
Gupta M.P., Yadav P.K., Uppal J.A., Mumford J.A., Binns M.M. (1993). Characterisation ofequine influenza isolates from the 1987 epizootic in India by nucleotide sequencing of the HAI gene. Equine Vet J 25: 99-102.
Guthrie A.J. (2006). Equine influenza in South Africa, 2003 outbreak. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association. International Veterinary Information Service.
Hannant D., Jessett D.M., O'Neill T., Sundquist B., Mumford J.A. (1987). Nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and sytemic immuneresponses to vaccination and aerosol infection with equine-2 influenza A virus (H3N8). In: Powell D.G. (Ed.), Equine infectious diseases. V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, pp. 66-73.
Hannant D., Mumford J.A. (1989). Cell mediated immune responses in ponies following infection with equine influenza virus (H3N8): the influence of induction culture conditions on the properties of cytotoxic effector cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 21 (3/4): 327-337.
Hannant D., Mumford J.A., Jessett D.M. (1988). Duration of circulating antibody and immunity following infection with equine influenzavirus. Vet Ree 122:125-128.
Hjalmarsson Α., Blomqvist P., Brytting M., Linde Α., Skoldenberg Β. (2009). Encephalitis after influenza in Sweden 1987-1998: a rare complication of a common infection. Europ Neurol 61: 289-294.
Hoffmann E., Stech J., Guan Y., Webster R.G., Perez D.R. (2001). Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146(12): 2275-2289.
Ito M., Nagai M., Hayakawa Y., Komae H., Murakami Ν., Yotsuya S.,Asakura S., Sakoda Y., Kida H. (2008). Genetic analyses of an H3N8 influenza virus isolate, causative strain of the outbreak of equine influenza at the Kanazawa racecourse in Japan in 2007. J Vet Med Sci 70 (9): 899-906.
Kasel J.A., Couch R.B. (1969). Experimental infection in man and horses with influenza A viruses. Bull WHO 41: 447-452.
Kasel JA, Afford R.H., Knight V., Waddell G.H., Sigei M.M. (1965). Experimental infection of human volunteers with equine influenza virus. Nature 206: 41-43.
Kawaoka Y., Bean W.J., Webster R.G. (1989). Evolution of the hemagglutinin ofequine H3 influenza viruses. Virology 169: 283-292.
Kawaoka Y., Webster R.G. (1989). Origin of the hemagglutinin on A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8): the first known equine influenza outbreak in South Africa. Arch Virol 106:159-164.
Kirkland P.D., Finlaison D.S., Crispe E., Hurt A.C. (2010). Influenza virus infection in dogs - transmission during the Australian equine influenza outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 699-702.
Lai A.C., Rogers K.M., Glaser Α., Tudor L., Chambers T. (2004). Alternate circulation of recent equine-2 influenza viruses (H3N8)from two distinct lineages in the United State. Virus Res 100:159-164.
Liu S., Ji K., Chen J., Tai D., Jiang W. et al. (2009). Panorama Phylogenese Diversity and Distribution of Type A Influenza Virus. PLoS ONE 4(3): e5022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005022.
Livesay G.J., O'Neill T., Hannant D., Yadav M.P., Mumford J.A. (1993). The outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 1989: diagnostic use of an antigen capture ELISA. Vet Ree 133: 515-519.
Martella V., Eli, G., Decaro Ν., Di Trani L., Lorusso E., Campolo M., Desario C, Parisi Α., Cavaliere N., Buonavoglia C. (2007). An outbreak of equine influenza virus in vaccinated horses in Italy is due to an H3N8 strain closely related to recent North American representatives of the Florida sub-lineage. Vet Microbiol 121:56-63.
Mumford J.A., Chambers T. (1998). Equine Influenza. In: Textbook of influenza. Blackwell Healthcare Communication Ltd., pp. 146-162.
Myers G, Wilson D. (2006). Equine Influenza Virus. Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:187-196.
Nelson K.M., Schräm B.R., McGregor M.W., Sheoran A.S., Olsen C.W., Lunn D.P. (1998). Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination. Vaccine 16 (13): 1306-1313.
Newton J.R., Daly J.M., Spencer L., Mumford J.A. (2006). Description of the equine influenza (H3N8) outbreak in the United Kingdom during 2003, during which recent vaccination failed to prevent disease in racehorses in Newmarket. Vet Ree 158:185-192.
Newton J.R., Lakhani K.H., Wood J.L.N., Baker D.J. (2000). Risk factors for equine influenza serum antibody titres in young Thoroughbred racehorses given an inactivated vaccine. Prev Vet Med 46:129-141.
Newton R., Cooke Α., Elton D., Bryant N., Rash Α., Bowman S., Blunden T., Miller J., Hammond T.A., Camm I., Day M. (2007). Canine influenza virus: cross-species transmission from horses. Vet Ree 161:142-143.
Ozaki H., Sugiura T., Sugita S., Imagawa H., Kida H. (2001). Detection of antibodies to the non-structural protein (NS1) of influenza A virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses. Vet Microbiol 82:111-119.
Paillot R., Hannant D., Kydd J.H., Daly J.M. (2006). Vaccination against equine influenza: Quid novi? Vaccine 24 (19): 4047-4061.
Park A.W., Wood J.L.N., Daly J.M., Newton J.R., Glass K., Henley W., Mumford J.A., Grenfell B.T. (2004). The effects of strain heterology on the epidemiology of equine influenza in a vaccinated population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series Β 271:1547-1555.
Park A.W., Wood J.L.N., Newton J.R., Daly J., Mumford J.A., Grenfell Β. T. (2003). Optimising vaccination strategies in equine influenza. Vaccine 21: 2862-2870.
Pashaleri - Papadopoulou E., O. Papadopoulos, F. Burki, E. Nalbantis, Th. Zografopoulos, G Giannakoulas (1970). Epizootie of influenza A2 in Equines of Komotini perfecture, Veterinary News 2:22.
Powell D.G, Burrows R., Spooner P., Mumford J., Thompson G, (1977). Field observations on influenza vaccination among horses in Britain, 1971-1976. Dev Biol Stand 39: 347-352.
Qi T., Guo W., Huang W., Dai L., Zhao L., Li H., Li X., Zhang X., Wang Y., Yan Y., He N., Xiang W. (2010). Isolation and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus from donkeys in China. Vet Microbiol doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.006.
Quinlivan M., Cullinane Α., Nelly M., Van Maanen K., Heldens J., Arkins S. (2004). Comparison of sensitivities of virus isolation, antigen detection, and nucleic acid amplification for detection of equine influenza virus. J Clin Microbiol 42:759-763.
Ramsay A.J., Husband A.J., Ramshaw I.A., Bao S., Matthaei K.I., Koehler G, Kopf M. (1994). The role of interleukin-6 in mucosal IgA antibody responses in vivo. Science 264 (5158): 561-563.
Rivailler P., Perry I.A., Jang Y., Davis CT., Chen L.M., Dubovi E.J., Donis R.O. (2010). Evolution of canine and equine influenza (H3N8) viruses co-circulating between 2005 and 2008. Virology 408(l):71-79.
Slater J., Hannant D. (2000). Equine immunity to viruses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16 (1): 49-68.
Soboll G, Horohov D.W., Aldridge B.M., Olsen C.W., McGregor M.W., Drape R.J., Macklin M.D., Swain W.F., Lunn D.P., (2003). Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 94 (1/2): 47-62.
Sovinova O., Tumova B., Pouska F., Nemec J. (1958). Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses. Acta Virol 2: 51-61.
Spyrou B., G Koptopoulos, M. Papanastasopoulou and M. Artopiou (1999) Preliminary epizootic research of equine herpes viruses and influenza in Greece. Hellenic Virology 4: 40-45.
Timoney P.J. (1996). Equine Influenza. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 19 (3): 205-211.
Toovey S. (2008). Influenza-associated central nervous system dysfunction: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 6:114-124.
Toulemonde Edlund C, Daly J., Sindle T., Guigal P.M., Audonnet J.C., Minke J.M. (2005). Efficacy of a recombinant equine influenza vaccine against challenge with an American lineage H3N8 influenza virus responsible for the 2003 outbreak in the United Kingdom. Vet Ree 156:367-371.
Tu J., Zhou H., Jiang T.„ Li C, Zhang Α., Guo X., Zou W., Chen H., Jin M., (2009). Isolation and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Arch Virol 54:887-890.
Van Maanen C, Cullinane A. (2002). Equine influenza virus infections: an update. Vet Q 24:79-94.
Virmani N., Bera B.C., Singh B.K., Shanmugasundaram K., Gulati B.R., Barua S.,Vaid R.K., Gupta A.K., Singh R.K. (2010). Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008-09): virus isolation, seroepidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HAgene. Vet Microbiol doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.007.
Virmani N., Singh B.K., Gulati B.R., Kumar S. (2008). Equine influenza outbreak in India. Vet Ree 163: 607-608.
Waddell GH., Teigland M.B., Sigei M.M. (1963). A New Influenza Virus Associated With Equine Respiratory Disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 15(143): 587-590.
Wattrang E., Jessett D.M., Yates P., Fuxler L., Hannant D. (2003). Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza A2 (H3N8) virus strains of different pathogenicity elicits varying interferon and interleukin-6 responses. Viral Immunol 16: 57-67.
Webster R.G, Bean W.J., Gorman O.T., Chambers T.M., Kawaoka Y. (1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev56(l):152-179.
Wernery R., Yates P.J., Wernery U., Mumford J.A. (1998). An equine influenza outbreak in a polo club in Dubai, United Arab mirâtes in 1995/ 96. In: Wernery U., Wade J.F., Mumford J.A., Kaaden O.-R. (eds.), Proc. 8th Int. Conference on Equine Infections Diseases, Dubai 1998, pp. 342-346.
Yamanaka T., Niwa H., Tsujimura K., Kondo T., Matsumura T. (2008). Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007. J Vet Med Sci 70: 623-625.
Yoon K.J., Cooper V.L., Schwartz K.J., Harmon K.M., Kim W.I., Janke B.H., Strohbehn J., Butts D., Troutman J. (2005). Influenza virus infection in racing greyhounds. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1974-1975.
Youil R., Su Q., Toner T.J., Szymkowiak C, Kwan W.S., Rubin B., Petrukhin L., Kiseleva I., Shaw A.R., DiStefano D. (2004), Comparative study of influenza virus repliacation in Vero and MDCK cell lines. J Virol Mehods 120: 23-31.
Most read articles by the same author(s)