Εμβολιασμός ιχθύων


Δημοσιευμένα: Nov 22, 2017
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Εμβόλια ευρΰαλα ψάρια υδατοκαλλιέργειες
P. PAPADOPOULOS (Π. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ)
K. BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ)
E. TZIRONI (Ε. ΤΖΙΡΩΝΗ)
F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Περίληψη

Στις υδατοκαλλιέργειες, σύμφωνα με το εντατικό σύστημα εκτροφής, τα ψάρια εκτρέφονται σε υψηλές ιχθυοπυκνότητες και η πιθανότητα έκθεσης τους σε μικροοργανισμούς, που προκαλούν νοσήματα, όπως βακτήρια, παράσιτα ή ιοί, κατά τη διάρκεια του παραγωγικού κύκλου, είναι πολύ υψηλή. Βακτηριδιακά και ιογενή νοσήματα των εκτρεφόμενων ψαριών έχουν προκαλέσει υψηλές θνησιμότητες και έχουν μειώσει τα οικονομικά έσοδα της βιομηχανίας των ιχθυοκαλλιεργειών. Τα παραδείγματα είναι πολλά. Στη Μεσόγειο, τα τελευταία χρόνια, η παραγωγή της τσιπούρας (Sparus aurata), του λαυρακιού (Dicentrarchus labrax), καθώς και διαφόρων άλλων, νέων, εκτρεφόμενων ειδών, έχει συνοδευτεί από σοβαρές εξάρσεις γνωστών νοσημάτων, καθώς και από την εμφάνιση και αναγνώριση νέων. Μέχρι πρόσφατα, για τον έλεγχο των βακτηριδιακών καιπαρασιτικών νοσημάτων χρησιμοποιούνταν αποκλειστικά μόνο αντιβιοτικά και χημικά προϊόντα, τα οποία όμως συχνά εμφανίζουναν επιθύμητες παρενέργειες, όπως κατάλοιπα στη σάρκα των ψαριών, ανθεκτικότητα αντοχής των βακτηριδίων και μόλυνση του υδάτινου περιβάλλοντος. Επιπρόσθετα, για ιογενεις ασθένειες, για τις οποίες δεν υπάρχει θεραπεία, η εμφάνιση της ασθένειας στις εγκαταστάσεις των μονάδων συνήθως απαιτεί την καταστροφή του προσβεβλημένου πληθυσμού. Όλα τα παραπάνω οδήγησαν στην ανάγκη αναζήτησης μεθόδων πρόληψης των νοσημάτων και κατά συνέπεια στην ανάπτυξη και χρήση εμβολιών για την αντιμετώπιση των σοβαρότερων νοσημάτων των εκτρεφόμενων ψαριών. Έτσι, αρχικά παρασκευάστηκαν εμβόλια μόνο για νοσήματα που ήταν κοινά σε πολλές ιχθυοπαραγωγικές χώρες και ήταν εύκολα ελεγχόμενα με απλά προετοιμασμένα βακτηριακά εμβόλια, π.χ. η δονακιωση, η ερυθροστοματιτιδα (ERM) και η δοθιήνωση. Σήμερα, όμως, έχει ήδη αρχίσει η παραγωγή νέων και περισσότερο αποτελεσματικών εμβολίων, ακόμα και για νοσήματα που οφείλονται σε ιούς, όπως είναι τα εμβόλια υπομονάδων, τα ζωντανά ανασυνδυασμένα εμβόλια και τα γενετικά εμβόλια.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Review Articles
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
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