To Vibrio parahaemolyticus σε τροφιμογενείς λοιμώξεις αλιευμάτων
Περίληψη
Μέχρι σήμερα έχουν καταγραφεί 30 είδη Vibrio (δονάκια), από τα οποία 13 είναι παθογόνα για τον άνθρωπο. Όλα τα παθογόνα δονάκια έχουν αναφερθεί ότι σχετίζονται μκ τροφιμογενείς λοιμώξεις, αλλά το V. parahaemolyticus είναι το σημαντικότερο παθογόνο δονάκιο. Το V. parahaemolyticus είναι ένα αλλόφιλο βακτήριο που βρίσκεται σε υδάτινα
οικοσυστήματα σε όλη την υφήλιο. Μέχρι το 1996, το παθογόνο σχετίζονταν με σποραδικά περιστατικά τροφιμογενούς γαστρεντερίτιδας μετά από την κατανάλωση νωπών αλιευμάτων ή αλιευμάτων που είχαν υποστεί ατελή θερμική επεξεργασία.
Από το 1996, ο αριθμός των καταγεγραμμένων τροφιμογενών λοιμώξεων από το V. parahaemolyticus έχει αυξηθεί σημαντικά με αποτέλεσμα να αποτελεί το κυριότερο αίτιο τροφιμογενών λοιμώξεων από κατανάλωση αλιευμάτων σε ορισμένες ασιατικές χώρες και στις ΗΠΑ. Η αύξηση αυτή αποδίδεται στην εμφάνιση του ορότυπου 03:Κ6 του βακτηρίου. Τα παθογόνα στελέχη του V. parahaemolyticus παράγουν μια θερμοανθεκτική τοξίνη (Kanagawa ή Tüll) ή μια αιμολυσίνη παρόμοια με την τοξίνη Kanagawa (TRI 1) που σχετίζονται με τα γονίδια tdh και trh, αντίστοιχα.
Το V. parahaemolyticus δεν περιλαμβάνεται στα μικροβιολογικά κριτήρια ασφαλείας για τα αλιεύματα που ισχύουν στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, αφού μέχρι πρόσφατα θεωρούνταν χαμηλή η συχνότητα εμφάνισης λοιμώξεων από το παθογόνο στην Ευρώπη. Όμως, οι κλιματικές αλλαγές του πλανήτη μας ευνοούν την ανάπτυξη του παθογόνου στο θαλάσσιο νερό, Πρόσφατες μελέτες στην Ισπανία και τη Γαλλία αναφέρουν ότι οι λοιμώξεις αυτές παρουσιάζουν σημαντική αύξηση, Στη παρούσα ανασκόπηση αναφέρονται οι μεγαλύτερες επιδημίες που έχουν προκληθεί παγκοσμίως από Κ parahaemolytìcus μετά από την κατανάλωση αλιευμάτων.
Η αυξανόμενη καταγραφή της παρουσίας του παθογόνου σε αλιεύματα στην Ευρώπη παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερη σημασία για τη Δημόσια Υγεία και υπογραμμίζει την ανάγκη ένταξης του V. parahaemolytìcus στα προγράμματα επιτήρησης και έλεγχου.
Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
- Πώς να δημιουργήσετε Αναφορές
-
SOLOMAKOS (Ν. ΣΟΛΩΜΑΚΟΣ) N., PEXARA (Α. ΠΕΞΑΡΑ) A., & GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A. (2017). To Vibrio parahaemolyticus σε τροφιμογενείς λοιμώξεις αλιευμάτων. Περιοδικό της Ελληνικής Κτηνιατρικής Εταιρείας, 63(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15398
- Τεύχος
- Τόμ. 63 Αρ. 1 (2012)
- Ενότητα
- Review Articles
Οι συγγραφείς των άρθρων που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατηρούν τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας επί των άρθρων τους, δίνοντας στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης.
Άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στο περιοδικό διατίθενται με άδεια Creative Commons 4.0 Non Commercial και σύμφωνα με την άδεια μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται ελεύθερα, με αναφορά στο/στη συγγραφέα και στην πρώτη δημοσίευση για μη κερδοσκοπικούς σκοπούς.
Οι συγγραφείς μπορούν να καταθέσουν το άρθρο σε ιδρυματικό ή άλλο αποθετήριο ή/και να το δημοσιεύσουν σε άλλη έκδοση, με υποχρεωτική την αναφορά πρώτης δημοσίευσης στο J Hellenic Vet Med Soc
Οι συγγραφείς ενθαρρύνονται να καταθέσουν σε αποθετήριο ή να δημοσιεύσουν την εργασία τους στο διαδίκτυο πριν ή κατά τη διαδικασία υποβολής και αξιολόγησής της.
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Alani MJ, Miyoshi S, Shinoda S (2003) Studies on pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus during a warm weather season in the Seto inland Sea, Japan. Environ Microbiol 5: 706-710.
Anonymous (2001) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Pub lit; Health on Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Geneva, Switzerland: European Commission
Ansaruzzaman M, Lucas M, Deen JL, Bhuiyan Ν A, Wang XY, Safa A (2005) Pandemic serovars (03:K6 and 04;K68) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with diarrhea in Mozambique; Spread of the pandemic into the African continent. J Clin Microbiol 43; 2559 2562
Atlas RM (J 997) Bacterial diversity. In: Principles of microbiology. 2nd ed, Brown Publishers, Boston, Chapter 17.
Baker-Austin C, Stockley L, Rangdale R, Martinez-Urtaza J (2010) Environmental occurrence and clinical impact of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a European perspective. Environ Microbiol Rep 2; 7-18
Bauer A, Ostensvik O, Florvag M, Ormen O, Rorvik LM (2006) Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus in Norwegian Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis). Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 3058-3061.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food-10 states, United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mort Week Rep 55: 392-395.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006) Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infections Associated with Consumption of Raw Shellfish—Three States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mort Week Rep 55: 1 2
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2009) Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food 10 states, 2008. MMWR Morb Mort Week Rep 58: 333- 337.
Chao G, Jiao X, Zhou X, Yang Z, Huang J, Zhou L, Qian X (2009) Distribution, prevalence, molecular typing, and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from different sources in coastal province Jiangsu, China, Food Cont 20; 907 912
Chiou CS, Hsu SY, Chiù ST, Wang TK, Chao CS (2000) Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar 03:K6 as cause of unusually high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan from 1996 to J 999. J Clinic Microbiol 38:4621-4625.
Chowdhury NR, Chakraborty S, Ramamurthy T, Nishibuchi M, Yamasaki S, Takeda Y (2000) Molecular evidence of clonal Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. Emerg Infect Pis 6: 631 636
Collin Band Rehnstam-Holm AS (2011) Occurrence and potential pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus on the South Coast of Sweden, FE MS Microbiol Ecol78:306-3J3.
Cook DW, O'Leary P, Hunsucher JC, Sloan EM, Bowers JC, Blodgett BJ, DePaolo A (2002) Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in U.S. retail shell oysters: a national survey from June 1998 to July 1999. J Food Prot 65:79 S7.
Padisman TA, Nelson R, Molenda JR, Carber H.I (1972) Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Maryland. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Am J Epidemiol 96; 414 426.
Daniels NA, Ray B, Easton A, Marano Ν, Kahn E, McShan L, Del Rosario L, Baldwin Τ, Kingsley MA, Puhr ND, Wells JG, Angulo FJ (2000) Emergence of a new Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters: A prevention quandary. JAMA 284: 1541-1545.
Davies A, Capell C, Jehanno D, Nychas GJE, Kirby RM (2001) Incidence of food borne pathogens in European fish. Food Cont 2:67-71.
DcPaola A, Kaysner CA, Bowers JC, Cook DW (2000) Environmental investigations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters following outbreaks in Washington, Texas, and New York (1997, 1998). Appi Environ Microbiol 66: 4649-4654
Di Pinto A, Ciccarese G, Dc Corato R, Novello L, Terio V (2008) Detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in southern Italian shellfish. Food Cont 19: 1037-1041.
Drake SL, DePaola A, Jaykus LA (2007) An Overview of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Comp Rev Food Sci FoodSaf6: 120-144.
European Commission (2007) Adapting to Climate Change in Europe Options for EU Action. Green Paper from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM (2007) 354 final, SEC (2007) 849. European Commission Brussels.
Fuenzalida L, Hernandez C, Toro J, Rioseco ML, Romero J, Espejo RT (2006) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish and clinical samples during two large epidemics of diarrhoea in southern Chile. Environ Microbiol 8: 675-683.
Fujino T, Okuno D, Nakada A, Aoyama A, Fukai K, Mukai T, Veho Τ (1953) On the bacteriological examination of shirasu food poisoning. Med J Os Univcr 4; 299 304.
Garcia K, Torres R, Uri be P, Hernandez C, Rioseco ML, Romero J (2009) Dynamics of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains during seafood-related summer diarrhea outbreaks in southern Chile. Appi Environ Microbiol 75: 7482-7487.
Gonzalez-Escalona N, Martinez-Urtaza J, Romero J, Espejo RT, Jaykus LA, DePaola A (2008) Determination of molecular phylogenetics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains by multi locus sequence typing. J Bacleriol 190: 2831-2840.
Gooch JA, DePaola A, Bowers J, Marshall 13L (2002) Growth and survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in postharvest American oysters. J Food Prot 65:970-974.
Gudmundsson E, Asche F, Nielson M (2006) Revenue distribution through the seafood value chain, FAO technical paper 1019
Hervio-Heath D, Zidane M, Le Saux JC, Lozach S, Vaillant V, Le Guyader S, Pommepuy M (2005) Toxi-infeciions alimentaires collectives lices à la consommation de moules contaminées par Vibrio parahaemolyticus: enquête environnementale, Bull Epidemiol AFSSA 17: 1-2.
Honda S, Goto I, Minematsu I, Ikeda N, Asano Ν, Tshibashi M, Kinoshita Y, Nishibuchi M, Honda T, Miwatani Τ (1987) Gastroenteritis due to Kanagawa negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Lancet 1:331-332.
Honda Τ, Ni Y, Miwatani Τ (1988) Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by a clinical isolated of Kanagawa phenomenon-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related to the thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect Immunol 56: 961-965.
Honda Τ and Lida Τ (1993) The pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the role of the thermostable direct haemolysin and related haemolysins. Rev Med Microbiol 4: 106 113
Hooper WL, Barrow Gl, McNab DJ Ν (1974) Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning in Britain. Lancet 7876: 1100 1102
Hugh R and Sakauki R (1975) Minutes of the meeting of the subcommittee on the taxonomy of Vibrios. Int. J System Bactcriol 25; 389
Huq A, Sack RB, Nizam A, Longini IM, Nair GB, Ali A (2005) Critical factors influencing the occurrence of Vibrio cholera in the environment of Bangladesh. Appi Environ Microbiol 71 : 4645-4654.
Iida T, Suthienkul O, Park KS, Tang GQ, Yamamoto RK, Ishibashi M, Yamamoto Κ, Honda Τ (1997) Evidence for genetic linkage between the ure and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Med Microbiol 46:639-645
Infectious Disease Surveillance Center (IDSC) (1999) Vibrio parahaemolyticus Japan, 1996 1998. Infectious Agents Surveillance Report, Vol. 20, No. 7 (No.233), Ministry of Health, Lahour and Welfare, Japan.
Johnson AR, Anderson CR, Rodrick GÈ (1988) Λ survey to determine the awareness of hazards related to raw seafood ingestion in all risk patient groups, In Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of the Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technology Society of the Americas. Gulf Shores, Alabama: Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Technology Society of the Americas, October
Johnson CJM, Flowers AR, Young VC, Gonzalez-Escalona Ν, De Paola A, Norica NF (2008) Genetic relatedness among tdh* and Tdh* Vibrio parahaemolyticus cultured from Gulf of Mexico oysters oysters {Crassostrea virginica) and surrounding water and sediment, Microbiol Ecol 57:437 443.
Joseph SW, Colwell RR, Kaper JB (1982) Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related halophilic Vibrios. Crit Rev Microbiol 10: 77-124.
Kaysner CA, DePaola A (2001) Vibrio. In: Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, Downes FP, Ito Κ (Eds*),4th ed, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, pp. 405-420.
Kaysner CA, DePaola A (2004) Vibrio. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th Ed., U.S, Food and Drug Administration, Arlington, Chapter 9.
King AA, lonides EL, Pascual M, Bouma M J (2008) Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics, Nature 454; 877 880.
Kelly MT and Stroh EM (1988) Temporal relationship of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment. J Clin Microbiol 26; 1754-6
Lee CY, Cheng MF, Yu MS, Pan MJ (2002) Purification and characterization of a putative virulence factor, serine protease, from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 209: 31 -37.
Levin RE (2006) Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a notably lethal human pathogen derived from seafood; a review of its pathogenicity, characteristics, subspecies characterization, and molecular methods of detection, Food Biotechnol 20; 93 128.
Liu X, Chen Y, Wang X, Ji R (2004) Foodborne disease outbreaks in China from 1992 to 2001—national foodborne disease surveillance system, J Hygiene Res 33; 725 727
Lozano-Leon A, Torres J, Osorio CR Martinez- Urtaza J (2003) Identification of tdh-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus from an outbreak associated with raw oyster consumption in Spain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 226: 281-284.
Makino Κ, Oshima Κ, Kurokawa Κ, Yokoyama Κ, Uda Τ, Tagomori Κ (2003) Genome sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a pathogenic mechanism distinct from that of V. choìerae. Lancet 361:743 749
Martinez-Urtaza J, Lozano-Leon A, DePaola A, Ishibashi M, Shimada K, Nishibuchi M (2004) Characterization of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical source in Spain and comparison with Asian and North American pandemic isolates. J Clin Microbiol 42:4672-4678.
Martinez-Urtaza JM, Simental L, Velasco D , DePaola A, Ishibashi M, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M, Carrera-Flores D, Rey-Alvarez C, Pou sa A (2005) Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus 03:K6, Europe. Emcrg Infect Dis 8; 1319 1320
Martinez-Urtaza J, Lozano-Leon A, Varela-Pel J, Trinanes J, Pazos Y, Garcia-Martin Ο (2008) Environmental determinants of the occurrence and distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the rias of Galicia, Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 265-274.
Martinez-Urtaza JM, Bowers JC, Trinanes J, DePaola A(2010) Climatic anomalies and the increasing risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus illnesses- Food Res Intern 43: 1780-1790.
Matsumoto C, Okuda J, Ishibashi M, Iwanaga M, Garg P, Rammamurthy Τ (2000) Pandemic spread of an 03:Κ6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and emergence of related strains evidenced by arbitrarily primed PCR and toxRS sequence analyses. J Clin Microbiol 38: 578-585.
McLaughlin K- (1995) Vibrio, In; Manual of clinical microbiology. American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Press» Washington, DC. pp: 465-476.
McLaughlin K, DePaola A, Bopp CA, Martinck ΚA, Napolilli NP, Allison CG, Murray SL, Thompson EC, Dird MM, Middaugh J Ρ (2005) Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. New Eng J Med 353:1463 70
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C (1999) Food-related illness and death in the United States, Emerg Infect Pis 5: 607-625.
Miles DW, Ross T, Olley J, McMeekin TA (1997) Development and evaluation of a predictive model for the effect of temperature and water activity on the growth rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Food Microbiol 38: 133 142
Molerò X, Bartolome RM, Vinuesa T, Guarner L, Accarino A, Casellas F (1989) Acute Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Spain: report of 8 cases. Med Clin (Barcelona) 92: 1-4
Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya S, Dutta B, Takeda Y and Sack DA (2007) Global dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype 03:K6 and its serovariants. J Clin Microbiol Rev 20; 39 48
Niimi A J (2004) Role of container vessels in the introduction of exotic species. Mar Poll Bull 49; 778 782
Nishibuchi M, Kaper J Β (1995) Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium. Mini review, Infect Immunol 63: 2093 2099
Nordstrom JL, Vickery MCL, Β lack s tone GM, Murray SL, DePaola A (2007) Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay with an internal amplification control for the detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 73; 5840 5847.
Oliver JD and Kaper J (2007) Vibrio species. In Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd cdn, Doyle, MP,, Beuchat, L,R,, and Montville, T.J. ( ed s) .Washington, DC, USA: American 271 Society of Microbiology, pp. 343-379.
Okuda J, Ishibashi M, Hayakawa E, Nishino T, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK, Garg S, Bhattacharya SK, Nair GB, Nishibuchi M (1997) Emergence of a unique 03;K6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta, India, and isolation of strains from the same clonal group from Southeast Asian travellers arriving in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 35; 3150 3155
Okura M, Osawa R, lguchi A, Arakawa E, Terajima J, Watanabe H (2003) Genotypic analyses of vibrio parahaemolyticus and development of a pandemic group-specific multiplex PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4676-4682.
Ottaviani D, Leoni F, Rocchegiani E, Santarelli S, Canonico C, Masini L (2008) First clinical report of pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus 03:K6 infection in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 46: 2144-2145.
Ottaviani D, Leoni F, Rocchegiani E, Canonico C, Potenziani S, Santarelli S, Masini L, Scuola S, Carraturo A (2010) Vibrio parahaemolyticus -associated gastroenteritis in Italy; persistent occurrence of 03 ; Kó pandemic clone and emergence of O1:KUT serotype. Diagn Microbiol Infect Diseas 66: 452-455.
Papadopoulou C, Economou E, Zakas G, Salamoura C, Dontorou C, Apostolou J (2007) Microbiological and pathogenic contaminants of seafood in Greece. J Food Qual 30: 28-42.
Park KS, Ono T, Rokuda M, Jang MH, Okada K, Tida T, Honda Τ (2004) Functional characterization of two type 111 secretion systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immunol 72: 6659-6665.
Paz S, Bisharat N, Paz E, Kidar O, Cohen D (2007) Climate change and the emergence of Vibrio vulnificus disease in Israel Environ Res 103: 390-396
Quilici ML, Robert-Pillot A, Picart J, Fournier JM (2005) Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 spread, France. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1148 1149
Ripabelli G, Sammarco ML, Grasso GM, Fanelli I, Caprioli A, Luzzi Τ (1999) Occurrence of Vibrio and other pathogenic bacteria in Myiilus galloprovincialis (musseIs) harvested from Adriatic Sea, Italy. Ini J Food Microbiol 49: 43-48.
Rojas MVR, Matte MH, Dropa M, da Silva ML, Matte GR (2011) Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated mussels in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 53: 201-205.
Robert-Pillot A, Guenole A, Lesne J, Delesmont R, Fournier JM, Quilici ML (2004) Occurrence of the idh and irh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from waters and raw shellfish collected in two French coastal areas and from seafood imported into France. lnt J Food Microbiol 91:319-325.
Rodriguez-Castro A, Ansede-Bermejo J, Blanco-Abad V, Varcla- Pel J, Garcia- Martinez O, Martinez-Urlaza J (2010) Prevalence and genetic diversity of pathogenic populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in coastal waters of Galicia, Spain, Environ Microbiol Rep 2: 58 66.
Ruiz GM, Rawlings TK, Dobbs FC, Drake LA, Mullady T, Huq (2000) Global spread of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408; 49-50.
Shirai H, Ito H, Hirayama Τ, Nakamoto Y, Nakabayashi Ν, Kurnagai Κ, Takeda Y, Nishibuchi M (1990) Molecular epidemiologic evidence for association of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with gastroenteritis. Infect Immunol 58: 3568-3573.
Su YC, Duan J, Wu WH (2005) Selectivity and specificity of a chromogenic medium for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus, J Food Prot 68:1454 1456.
Su YC and Liu C (2007) Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiol 24: 549 558
Takeda Y (1983) Thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pharmacol Therap 19: 123-146.
Tantillo GM, Fontanarosa M, Di Pinto Λ, Musti M (2004) Updated perspectives on emerging Vibrios associated with human infections. Lett Appi Microbiol 39: 117-126.
Terzi G, Buyuktanir Ο and Yurdusev Ν (2009) Detection of the idh and irh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates in fish and mussels from Middle Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Lett Appl Microbiol 49: 757-763.
United Nations (2002) World Population Prospects, The 2002 revision, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. New York, USA: United Nations.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2004) Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Chapter 9
Wagley S, Koofhethilea K, Winga JB and Rangdalea R (2008) Comparison of V parahaemolyticus isolated from seafoods and cases of gastrointestinal disease in the UK Internat J Environm Heal Res 18: 283-293.
Yagnisis M, Alexis M, Solomakos N, Govaris A, Golomazou H, Athanassopoulou F (2007) Vibrio species of medical importance, isolated from sea water and marine fish in Greece, Proceedings of the 13th National Congress on Ichthyology, p. 515-518.
Yang ZQ, Jiao XA, Zhou XH, Cao GX, Fang WM, Cm RX (2008) Isolation and molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh, low-temperature preserved, dried, and salted seafood products in two coastal areas of eastern China. Int J Food Microbiol 125:279 285.
Yang L, Zhan L, Han H, Gao H, Guo Z, Qin C, Yang R, Liu X, Zhou D (2010) The low-salt simulation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Food Microbiol 137:49-54.
Yu P, Puhr N, Bopp C, Gerner-Smidt P, Painter J (2006) Vibrio parahaemolyticus hemolysins associated with decreased hospitalization from shellfish-borne illness. 2006 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, USA, Abstract 475.
