The most important Myxosparean parasite species affecting cultured Mediterranean fish


E. GOLOMAZOU (ΓΚΟΛΟΜΑΖΟΥ Ε.)
E. KARAGOUNI (ΚΑΡΑΓΚΟΥΝΗ Ε.)
F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Φ.)
Resumen

Following the rapid development offish farming, an outbreak of pathological problems appeared, mainly of parasitic origin. These have an effect on fish growth(especially at cagegrowing stage), where periodically may cause mortality up to 80%, which has a serious economic impact on fish farming. Myxosporida have been implicated in outbreaks in both marine and freswhwater fish. The parasite M. leei causes serious disease affecting young sharp snout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo C) and sea bream (Spams aurata L). Recendy, the life cycle of this parasite has been elucidated in sea bream as direct with fish to fish transmission, whereas there is no information on other marine Myxosporida species. In freshwater fish the life cycle of Myxosporida is indirect involving Tubifex spp. worms as intermediate hosts. In mixed infections of Ceratomyxa diplodae and M. leei mortality can be high. High fat diets is a well known predisposing factor. Myxobolus sp. is another myxosporean that affects farmed fish. Mature spores are found in cysts in the interstitial renal tissue in high prevalence and intensity in D. puntazzo during summer months. Sphaerospora dicentrarchi parasitises all the internal organs of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L) with predilection in the gall bladder and in the muscular layers of intestine, where it can reach 100% and 70.5% of prevalence in wild and cultured fish, respectively, during summer months. Sphaerospora testicularis parasitises in the gonads of sea bass without inflammatory reaction, however, when intensity is high, it can cause total destruction of the organ. Polysporoplasma sparishas been reported in glomeruli of cultured sea bream in Spain, Andriatic Sea and fish farms all over Greece with high prevalence during summer. Ceratomyxa spp have also been found in various marine fish with no serious effect on fish hosts. Kudoa spp. have also been reported from many cultured and wild fish; these parasites affect the muscles and have an economic impact on processed fish products. Fish infected with Myxosporida spp are often emaciated, the gall bladder and abdomen are extended; the liver can be discolored showing fat degeneration; this may be obvious in most internal organs. Early trophozoites of Myxobolus sp. can be found in the renal parenchyma or encysted in melanomacrophage centres. Nephrocalcinosis is also found in later stages of trophozoite or cyst development. The treatment of Myxosporida spp is difficult. It is important to detect and diagnose early the disease and to assess the severity of the parasitoses. Fumagillin and the combination of Salinomycin & Amprolium are effective against most of these parasites except M. leei for which no effective treatment is still available.

Article Details
  • Sección
  • Review Articles
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Citas
Abella Ι και Le Breton M. (1996) Parasitofaima of cultured Sparidae. Fish health management in sea bass and sea bream farming. A training manual for the aquaculture industry. Nat Aquae Cent, Malta :215-222.
Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ και Sitjà-Bobadilla A (1993a) Pathology of Myxosporea in marine fish culture. Dis Aquat Org, 17:229-238
Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ και Sitza-Bobadilla A (1993b) Ceratomyxa spp. (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, from the Spanish Mediterranean area. J Fish Biol, 42:889-901
Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1995) Protozoan parasites of gilthead sea bream, Spams aurata L., from different culture systems in Spain. J Fish Dis, 18:105-115.
Athanassopoulou F (2001) The most important parasitic diseases in marine cultured fish in Greece. Bull Hel Vet Med Soc, 52(1): 9-17
Αθανασοπούλου Φ, Παπαδοπούλου Γ και Λΰτρα Κ (1998) Αξιοσημείωτες μολύνσεις από μυξοσπορίδια σε εντατικά καλλιεργούμενα ψάρια της Ελλάδας. Αλιευτ Νέα, Ιοΰνιος:66-69
Athanassopoulou F, Prapas Th και Rodger Η (1999) Diseases of Puntazzo puntazzo Cuvier in marine aquaculture systems in Greece. J Fish Dis, 22:215-218
Αθανασοπούλου Φ, Πράπας Α, Σαββίδης Γ και Χριστοφιλογιάννης Π (2000) Νοσήματα ευρΰαλων ψαριών και οστρακοειδών οφειλόμενα σε παράσιτα In: Πρακτικός Οδηγός ασθενειών εκτρεφόμενων ψαριών και οστρακοειδών. Έκδοση Υπουργείου Γεωργίας, Διεύθυνση Αλιευτικών Εφαρμογών και Εισροών Αλιευτικής Παραγωγής, Αθήνα, :75
Athanassopoulou F, Karagouni E, Dotsika E, Vatsos J, Christofilloyannis P, Lytra Κ και Dourala Ν (2003) Novel treatments of Myxosporida in Mediterranean fish and immunological response. Proceedings of the EAFP meeting, Malta
Athanassopoulou F, Karagouni E, Dotsika E, Ragias V, Tavla J και Christofilloyannis P. (2004). Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Polysporoplasma spans infection in Spams aurata L. J App Ichth. 20 (5) 345-354.
Athanassopoulou F, Karagouni E, Dotsika E, Ragias V, Tavla J, Christofilloyannis Ρ και Vatsos J. (2004a) Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in sharpsnout sea bream Puntazzo puntazzo C. Dis Aquat Org. Dis Aquat Org 62:217-226.
Bahri S, Hassine OKB και Marques A (1990) Henneguya sp. (Myxosporea, Bivalvulida) infecting of wild gilthead sea bream Spams aurata L. from the coast of Tunisia. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 10(2):31
Company R, Sitza-Bobadilla A, Pujalte M J, Garay E, Alvarez- Pellitero Ρ και Pérez-Sânchez J (1999) Bacterial and parasitic pathogens in cultured common dentex, Dentex dentex L. J Fish Dis, 22:299-309
Diamant Α. (1992) A new pathogenic histozoic Myxidium (Myxosporea) in cultured gilt-head sea bream Spams aurata. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 12:64-66
Diamant A, Lorn J και Dykovâ I (1994) Myxidium leei n. sp. A pathogenic myxosporean of cultured sea bream Spams aurata. Dis Aquat Org, 20:137-141
Diamant A (1997) Fish - to - fish transmission of a marine myxosporean. Dis Aquat Org, 30:99-105
Diamant Α και Wajsbrot Ν (1997) Experimental transmission of Myxidium leei in gilt head sea bream Spams aurata. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 17(3/4):99 -103.
El-Marbouli Μ και Hoffmann RW (1991) Prevention of experimentally induced whirling disease in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by fumagillin. Dis Aquat Org, 10:109-113.
El-Matbouli M, Fischer-Scherl Th και Hoffmann RW (1992) Present knowledge of the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology and therapy of some Myxosporea important for freshwater fish. Ann Rev Fish Dis, 2:367-402
FAO (2002) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Sofia, http://www.fao.org.
Fiest SW (1997) Pathogenicity of renal myxosporeans of fish. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 17:209-214
Hedrick RP, Groff JM, Foley Ρ και McDowell Τ (1988) Oral administration of Fumagillin DCH protects Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from experimentally-induced proliferative kidney disease. Dis Aquat Org, 4:165-168.
Higgins MJ και Kent ML (1988) TNP-470, the analogue of fumagillin DCH, controls PKX in naturally infected sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus necra (Walbaum), underyearlings. J Fish Dis, 21:455-457
Joy JE (1972) A new species of Kudoa (Myxosporidea: Chloromyxidae) from the spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, in Clear Lake, Texas. J Protozool, 19:264-265
Kabata Ζ και Whitaker DJ (1986) Distribution of two species of Kudoa (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in offshore population of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855) Can J Zool 64:2103-2110
Kabata Ζ και Whitaker DJ (1989) Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist, 1924) (Myxozoa) in the cardiac muscle of Pacific salmon {Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead trout {Salmo gairdneri) Can J Zool, 67:341-342
Kent ML και Dawe S (1994) Efficacy of fumagillin DCH against experimentally induced Lorna salmonae infections. Dis Aquat Org, 20:231-233
Le Breton Α και Marques A (1995). Occurrence of an histozoic Myxidium infection in two marine culture species: Puntazzo puntazzo C. and Pagrus major. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 15(6):210-212
Lorn J (1984) Diseases caused by Protistans. In: Diseases of marine animals. Kinne Ο ed., Vol. IV. Part I. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, p: 114-168
Lorn J (1987) Myxosporea: a new look at long known parasites of fish. Parasitol Today, 3:327-332
Λΰτρα Κ (1997) Πειραματική μόλυνση σε Ρ. puntazze* μολυσμένα με μυξοσπορίδια. Αλιευτικά νέα, 195:56-59
Maeno Y, Nagasawa Κ και Sorimachi Μ (1993) Kudoa intestinalis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from the intestinal musculature of the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, from Japan. J of Parasit, 79:190-192.
Mejiholm Ο και Dalgaard Ρ (2002) Antimicrobial effect of essential oils on the seafood spoilage micro-organism Photobacterium phosphoreum in liquid media and fish products. Let App Microb, 34:27.
Mladineo I (2003) Myxosporidean infections in Adriatic cage-reared fish. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, 23:13-123.
Molnar K, Baska F και Szekely C (1987) Fumagillin an efficacious drug against renal sphaerospororosis of the common carp. Dis Aquat Org, 2:187-190
Molnar Κ (1993) Recent achievements in the chemotherapy of myxosporean infections offish. Act Vet Hung, 41:51-58
Moran JDW, Whitaker DJ και Kent ML (1999) A review of the myxosporean genus Kudoa and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries. Aquaculture, 172 :163-196.
Nengas J, Alexis M, Koutsodimou M, Athanassopoulou F, Dotsika E, Karagouni E, Kourtis G και Rigos G (2000) Effects of diet composition on growth feed utilization and immune system of the sheephead bream (Puntazze* puntazze). 9th International symposium on nutrition and feeding in fish. Miyazaki, Japan, 21-25/5/00
Palenzuela O, Sitza-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1997) Ceratomyxa sparaurati (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream, Spams aurata (Pisces: Teleostei), from the Spain: aspects of the host-parasite relationship. Parasit Res, 83:539-548
Palenzuela O, Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ και Sitja-Bobadilla A (1999) Glomerular disease associated with Ρolysporoplasma sparis (Myxozoa) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Parasit 118:245-126.
Palenzuela O, Agnetti F, Albinana G, Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ, Athanassopoulou F, Crespo S, Diamant A, Ghittino C, Golomazou H, Le Breton A, Lipshitz A, Marques A, Padrós F, Ram S, Raymond JC. (2004). Applicability of PCR screening for the monitoring of Enteromyxum leei (MYXOZOA) infection in Mediterranean aquaculture: an epidemiological survey in Sparids facilities. European Aquaculture Society Meeting: April, 2004
Παπαθανασίου Γ (2004) Παρασιτικό φορτίο ιχθύων αλμυρών υδάτων. Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία Ειδίκευσης, Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας, Τμήμα Ζωικής Παραγωγής και Υδάτινου
Περιβάλλοντος, Παν/μιο Θεσσαλίας.
Paperna Ι (1982) Kudoa infection in the glomeruli, mesenteri and peritoneum of cultured Sparus aurata L. J Fish Dis, 5:539-543.
Paperna I (1991) Diseases caused by parasites in the aqua-culture of warm water fish. Ann Rev Fish Dis 1:155-194
Parpoura A, Alexis Μ και Apostolopoulou M (1993) Nutritional requirements in protein-energy ratios of the fish Puntazzo puntazzo (Sparidae). In: Proceedings of the 4th Hellenic
Symposium in Oceanography and Fisheries. National Centre for Marine Research Edition, :430-433
Rigos G, Grigorakis K, Christophilogiannis M, Nengas Ι και Alexis M (1997) Ceratomyxa spp. (Myxosporea) infections in cultured common dentex from Greece. Bull Eur Ass Fish Pathol, ΙΊΊΊ ΑΛΊ β
Rigos G, Christophilogiannis Ρ, Yiagnisi M, Andriopoulou A, Koutsodimou M, Nengas Μ και Alexis M (1999) Myxosporean infections in Greek mariculture. Aquacult Intern 7:361-364
Sakiti, Jacquemin και Marques (1994) Presence en Mediterranee occidentale d'une Myxosporidie histozoique pathogène parasite du tube digestif de la daurade en aquaculture. Poster GPLF, Nice.
Sitja-Bobadilla A και Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1992a) Sphaerospora (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infection in cultured head sea bream, Sparus aurata L.: a preliminary report. J Fish Dis, 15:339-343
Sitja-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1992b) Light and electron microscopic descrition of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi n. sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerospora) from wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). J Protozool, 39:273-281.
Sitja-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1993a) Pathology of Myxosporea in marine fish culture. Dis Aquat Org, 17:229-238
Sitja-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero P. (1993b) Population dynamics of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 and S. testicularis Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990 (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) infections in wild and cultured Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Parasitol Res, 106:39-45
Sitja-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero P. (1993c) Pathogenic effects of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 and S. testicularis Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990 (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) parasitic in the Mediterranean sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. (Teleostei: Serranidae) and the cell-mediated immune reaction: a light and electron microscopy study. Parasitol Res, 106:39-45
Sitja-Bobadilla Α και Alvarez-Pellitero Ρ (1995) Light and electron microscopic descrition of Polysporoplasma ng (Myxosporea), Polysporoplasma sparis ns and Polysporoplasma mugilis nsp. from Liza aurata L. Eur J Parasitol 31(l):77-89
Sivropoulou A, Papanicolaou E, Nikolaou C, Kokkini S, Lanaras Th και Arsenakis M (1996) Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Origanum Essential Oils. J Agric Food Chem, 44:1202-1205.
Whitaker DJ και Kent ML (1991) Myxosporean Kudoa thyrsites: A Cause of Soft Flesh in Farm-Reared Atlantic Salmon. J Aquat Anim Heal 3:291-294
Whitaker DJ, Kent ML και Sakanari JA (1996) Kudoa miniauriculata n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporae) from the musculature of Bocaccio (Sebastespaucispinis) from California. J Parasitol 82(2):312-315
Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a