Glucose measurement using portable blood glucose meters in dogs and cats


L. V. ATHANASIOU (Λ.Β. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΙΟΥ)
C. N. TSOKANA (ΤΣΟΚΑΝΑ Κ.Ν.)
M. N. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ)
Abstract

Portable blood glucose meters (PBGMs) are small electronic devices that measure the concentration of glucose in whole blood. Due to the technological advances, measurement of glucose concentration is carried out in a small blood volume, and it is a relatively simple, quick and inexpensive procedure. PBGMs are frequently used in companion animal medicine, especially for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia. The main factors affecting the precision of the measurement include: a) the device (manufacturer), the consumables (reagent strips) and their storage conditions; b) environmental conditions (temperature and possibly altitude); c) blood collection technique (site of sampling, cleanliness at the site of sampling, use of anticoagulants); d) patient factors (haematocrit, blood triglycerides, creatinine, uric acid and protein concentrations, drug administration); and, e) operator errors. Due to all these factors, readings of glucose concentration by PBGMs may differ from those of chemistry analysers, and this should be taken into account when shifting from one method to the other. Furthermore, because the results depend on the PBGM, the same device should be used and all measurements should be made under the same environmental conditions and using the same blood sampling technique for serial measurements of blood glucose to be comparable. Finally, all the above mentioned limitations of glucose measurement by PBGMs should be taken into consideration and the results should be interpreted along with the clinical signs and any other laboratory findings for optimal diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

Article Details
  • Sezione
  • Review Articles
Downloads
I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Affenzeller N, Thalhammer JG, Willmann M (2011) Home-based subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring in 10 diabetic dogs. Vet Rec 169:206.
Alt N, Kley S, Haessig M, Reusch CE (2007) Day-to-day variability of blood glucose concentration curves generated at home in cats with diabetes mellitus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1011-1017.
Bamberg R, Schulman K, MacKenzie M, Moore J, Olchesky S (2005) Effect of adverse storage conditions on performance of glucometer test strips. Clin Lab Sci 18:203-209.
Borin-Crivellenti S, Crivellenti LZ, Tinucci-Costa M (2012) The carpal pad as an alternative sampling site for blood glucose testing in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 53:684-686.
Brady CA, Hughes D, Drobatz KJ (2004) Association of hyponatremia and hyperglycemia with outcome in dogs with congestive heart failure. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:177-182.
Cohen TA, Nelson RW, Kass PH, Christopher MM, Feldman EC (2009) Evaluation of six portable blood glucose meters for measuring blood glucose concentration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:276-280.
Cohn LA, McCaw DL, Tate DJ, Johnson JC (2000) Assessment of five portable blood glucose meters, a point-of-care analyzer, and color test strips for measuring blood glucose concentration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:198-202.
Dietiker-Moretti S, Müller C, Sieber-Ruckstuhl N, Tschuor F, Osto M, Franchini M, Ackermann M, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Zini E (2011) Comparison of a continuous glucose monitoring system with a portable blood glucose meter to determine insulin dose in cats with diabetes mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 25:1084-1088.
Dobromylskyj MJ, Sparkes AH (2010) Assessing portable blood glucose meters for clinical use in cats in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 167:438-442.
Ervin KR, Kiser EJ (1999) Issues and implications in the selection of blood glucose monitoring technologies. Diabetes Technol Ther 1:3-11.
Fazel A, Koutoubi Z, Sorg TB, Mehrotra B (1996) Influence of sample temperature on reflectance photometry and electrochemical glucometer measurements. Diabetes Care 19:771-774.
Feldman EC, Nelson RW (2004) Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction, 3rd edn. Saunders, St. Louis, MO.
Fleeman LM (2011) Continuous monitoring of glucose concentration in diabetic dogs. The Vet Rec 169:204-205.
Ford SL, Lynch H (2013) Practical use of home blood glucose monitoring in feline diabetics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43:283-301.
Gautier JF, Bigard AX, Douce P, Duvallet A, Cathelineau G (1996) Influence of simulated altitude on the performance of five blood glucose meters. Diabetes Care 19:1430-1433.Ginsberg BH (2009a) Factors affecting blood glucose monitoring: sources of errors in measurement. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:903-913. Ginsberg BH (2009b) Factors affecting blood glucose monitoring: sources of errors in measurement. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3:903-13.
Hagvik J (2007) Glucose measurement: time for a gold standard. J Diabetes Sci Technol 1:169-172.
Hardie EM, Rawlings CA, George JW (1985 ) Plasma-glucose concentrations in dogs and cats before and after surgery: comparison of healthy animals and animals with sepsis. Am J Vet Res 46:1700-1704.
Hoenig M, Pach N, Thomaseth K, Devries F, Ferguson DC (2012) Evaluation of long-term glucose homeostasis in lean and obese cats by use of continuous glucose monitoring. Am J Vet Res 73:1100-1106.
Jensen AL, Kjelgaard-Hansen M (2006) Method comparison in the clinical laboratory. Vet Clin Pathol 35:276-286.
Johnson BM, Fry MM, Flatland B, Kirk CA (2009) Comparison of a human portable blood glucose meter, veterinary portable blood glucose meter, and automated chemistry analyzer for measurement of blood glucose concentrations in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:1309-1313.
Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (2008) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th edn. Academic Press/Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
Knieriem M, Otto CK, Macintire D (2007) Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. Comp Cont Educ Pract 29:360-372.
Koenig A (2013) Endocrine emergencies in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43:869-897.
Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992-1000.
Martin GJ, Rand JS (2007) Comparisons of different measurements for monitoring diabetic cats treated with porcine insulin zinc suspension. Vet Rec 161:52-58.
Moretti S, Tschuor F, Osto M, Franchini M, Wichert B, Ackermann M, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Zini E (2010) Evaluation of a novel real-time continuous glucose-monitoring system for use in cats. J Vet Intern Med 24:120-126.
Musholt PB, Schipper C, Thomé N, Ramljak S, Schmidt M, Forst T, Pfützner A (2011) Dynamic electrochemistry corrects for hematocrit interference on blood glucose determinations with patient self-measurement devices. J Diabetes Sci Technol 5:1167-1175.
Oberg D, Ostenson CG (2005) Performance of glucose dehydrogenase-and glucose oxidase-based blood glucose meters at high altitude and low temperature. Diabetes Care 28:1261.
Paul AE, Shiel RE, Juvet F, Mooney CT, Mansfield CS (2011) Effect of hematocrit on accuracy of two point-of-care glucometers for use in dogs. Am J Vet Res 72:1204-1208.
Rios L, Ward C (2008) Feline diabetes mellitus: diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Comp Cont Educ Pract 30:626-640.
Roomp K, Rand J (2009) Intensive blood glucose control is safe and effective in diabetic cats using home monitoring and treatment with glargine. J Feline Med Surg 11:668-682.
Roomp K, Rand JS (2013) Management of diabetic cats with long-acting insulin. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43:251-266.
Sherwood MJ, Warchal ME, Chen ST (1983) A new reagent strip (Visidex) for determination of glucose in whole blood. Clin Chem 29:438-446.
Smith JR, Vrono Z, Rapoport GS, Turek MM, Creevy KE (2012) A survey of southeastern United States veterinarians’ preferences for managing cats with diabetes mellitus. J Feline Med Surg 14:716-722.
Surman S, Fleeman L (2013) Continuous glucose monitoring in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 43:381-406.
Syring RS, Otto CM, Drobatz KJ (2001) Hyperglycemia in dogs and cats with head trauma: 122 cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1124-1129.
Tang Z, Lee JH, Louie RF, Kost GJ (2000) Effects of different hematocrit levels on glucose measurements with handheld meters for point-of-care testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1135-1140.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P (2003) Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 31:359-366.
Villiers E, Blackwood L (2005) Manual of Small Animal Clinical Pathology, 2nd edn. BSAVA, Cheltenham, UK.
Wess G, Reusch C (2000a) Assessment of five portable blood glucose meters for use in cats. Am J Vet Res 61:1587-1592.
Wess G, Reusch C (2000b) Evaluation of five portable blood glucose meters for use in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:203-209.
Wess G, Reusch C (2000c) Capillary blood sampling from the ear of dogs and cats and use of portable meters to measure glucose concentration. J. Small Anim. Pract. 41:60–66.
Wiedmeyer CE, DeClue AE (2008) Continuous glucose monitoring in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 22:2-8.
Wiener K (1991) The effect of haematocrit on reagent strip tests for glucose. Diabet Med 8:172-175.
Zeugswetter FK, Rebuzzi L, Karlovits S (2010) Alternative sampling site for blood glucose testing in cats: giving the ears a rest. J Feline Med Surg 12:710-713.
Zini E, Moretti S, Tschuor F, Reusch EC (2009) Evaluation of a new portable glucose meter designed for the use in cats. Schweiz Arch Für Tierheilkd 151:448–451.
Puoi leggere altri articoli dello stesso autore/i