Stigma and attitudes toward mental help seeking: the example of military environment

PDF (ελληνικά)
Published: Oct 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23276
Keywords:
Self-stigma Public stigma Seeking mental help Military environment
Βάσια Ιγνατίου Καραμανώλη
Abstract

The aim of this review is to examine α.the attitudes toward mental help seeking and the willingness to ask for mental help, b. self and public stigma experienced by seeking psychological help, in general population and in particular how all this are experienced by the military personnel. General features for each of the variables are examined, the more often measures are used, the main factors which are involved in the procedure of seeking mental help and correlated with each other, are discussed. Even if military personnel experience psychological problems avoid seeking mental help in order not to confront self and public stigma from seeking psychological help.implications for new research on how the fear toward help seeking could be diminished are discussed.

Article Details
  • Section
  • THEORETICAL REVIEWS
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
addis, M. E. & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity
and the contexts of help-seeking, American Psychologist,
, 5-14.
amato, P. R., & Bradshaw, R. (1985). an exploratory
study of people’s reasons for delaying or avoiding
help-seeking. Australian Psychologist,20, 21-31.
andrews, G., issakidis, C., & Carter, G. (2001).Shortfall
in mental health service utilization.British Journal
of Psychiatry, 179, 417-425.
angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger H., & Riedel-Heller, S.
G. (1999).Whom to ask for help in case of mental
disorder? Preferences of the lay public.Social Psychiatry
and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 202-210.
Barrett, D. H., Green, M. L., Morris, R., Giles, W. H., &
Croft, J. B. (1996). Cognitive functioning and posttraumatic
stress disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry,
, 2701-2707.
Bein, L. (2011). Military Mental Health: Problem
Recognition,Treatment-Seeking, and Barriers a
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate
School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Ben-Zeev D., Corrigan, P.W., Britt, T.W., Langford
L. (2012). Stigma of mental illness and service use
in the military.Journal of Mental Health,21(3), 264-
Ben-Porath, D. D. (2002). Stigmatization of individuals
who receive psychotherapy: an interaction between
help-seeking behavior and the presence of
depression. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology,
, 400-413.
Bergin, a. E., & Garfield, S. L. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook
of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th
ed.). New York: Wiley.
Blaine, B. B. (2000). The Psychology of diversity. Perceiving
and experiencing social difference. Mountain
View, Ca: Mayfield Publishing.
Britt, T. W., (2000). The stigma of psychological problems
in a work environment: Evidence from the
screening of service members returning from
Bosnia. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30,
-1618.
Cash, T. F., Begley, P. J., McCown, D. a., & Weise, B.
C. (1975). When counselors are heard but not
seen: initial impact of physical attractiveness.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 273-279.
Cepeda-Benito, a., & Short, P. (1998).Self-concealment,
avoidance of psychological services, and
perceived likelihood of seeking professional
help.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 58-64.
Cooper. a. E., Corrigan, P. W., Watson, a.C.
(2003).Mental illness stigma and care seeking.J
NervMentDisr, 191, 339-41.
Corrigan, P. W. (1998). The impact of stigma on severe
mental illness.Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,
, 201-222.
Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with
mental health care. American Psychologist,
,614-625.
Cramer, K. M., & Barry, J. E. (1997).Psychometric
properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the
Self-Concealment Scale. Personality andIndividual
Differences, 27, 629-637.
Crisp, a. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. i. &
Rowlands, O. J. (2000).Stigmatization of people
with mental illness, British Journal of Psychiatry,
, 4-7.
Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994).Treatment
fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional
psychological help-seeking.British Journal
of Guidance and Counseling, 22, 207-217.
Deane, F. P., Skogstad, P., & Williams, M. W.
(1999).impact of attitudes, ethnicity and quality of
prior therapy on New Zealand male prisoners’ intentions
to seek professional psychological help.
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling,
, 55-67.
Dickstein, B. D., Vogt, D. S., Handa, S., & Litz, B. T.
(2010). Targeting self-stigma in returning military
personnel and vet erans: a review of intervention
strategies.Military Psychol ogy, 22, 224-236.
Dubow, E. F., Lovko, K. R., & Kausch, D. F. (1990).Demographic
differences in adolescents’ health concerns
and perceptions of helping agents. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 19, 44-54.
Eaton, Κ. μ., Hoge, C. W., Messer S. C., Whitt, a. a.,
Cabrera, O. S., McCurk, D., Cox, a., Castro, C.C.
(2008). Prevalence of Mental Health Problems,
Treatment Need, and Barriers to Care among Primary
Care-Seeking Spouses of Military Service
Members involved in iraq and afghanistan Deployments,
Military Medicine, 173, (11), 1051-
Fisher, J. D., Nadler, a., & Whitcher - alagna, S.
(1983). Four conceptualizations of reactions to
aid. in J. D. Fisher et al (Eds.), New Directions in
helping. Vol 1. Recipient reactions to aid (pp 51-
San Diego, Ca: academic Press.
Fisher, Ε. η. & Farina, Α. (1995). attitudes Toward
Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale: a
shortened form and considerations of research,
Journal of College Student Development, 36, 368-
Fisher, Ε. η. & Farina, a. (1995). attitudes toward professional
psychological help: a shortened form
and considerations for research Journal of College
Student Development, 36, 368-373.
Friedson, E. (1961). Patient’s view of medical practice.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Gibbs, Deborah a., Kristine L. Rae Olmsted, Janice M.
Brown and a. Monique Clinton-Sherrod.(2011).
Dynamics of Stigma for alcohol and Mental Health
Treatment among army Soldiers.Military Psychology
:36-51.
Goodman, S. H., Sewell, D. R., & Jampol, R. C.
(1984).On going to the counselor: Contributions
of life stress and social supports to the decision to
seek psychological counseling.Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 31, 306-313
Gulliver, Α Griffiths, K., Helen Christensen, H. & Brewer,
J. L. (2012).a systematic review of help-seeking
interventions for depression, anxiety and general
psychological distress, Psychiatry, 12 (81).
Greenberg, N. & Jones, N. (2011). Optimizing mental
health support in the military: the role of peers and
leaders in a. adler,P.Bliese, & C.a. CastroDeployment
Psychology: Evidence - Based Strategies to
Promote Mental Health in the Military, (pp. 69-101).
Washington: american Psychological association.
Greene-Shortridge, T. M., Britt, T.W., Castro, C.a.
(2007). The Stigma of Mental Health Problems in
the Military, Military Medicine, 172:2:157-161.
Hammen, C. & Peters, S. (1977). interpersonal consequences
of depression: Responses to men and
women enacting a depressed role. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 87, 322-332.
Helds, P., & Owens, G. P. (2012).Stigmas and attitudes
Toward Seeking Mental Health Treatment in
a Sample of Veterans and active Duty Service
Members. Traumatology, 19, (2), 136-143.
Hinson. J. a., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to
seek help as a function of self-disclosure and
problem severity. Journal of Counseling & Development,
, 465-470.
Hips, C. (2011).The Stigma of Mental Health Treatment
in the Military: an Experimental approach,
Current research in Social Psychology,18, 5.
Hoge,C.W., Casiro, C.a., Messer, S. C., MrGurit, D.,
CoUing, D.l., Koffman, R.L., (2004). Combat duty
in iraq and afghanistan, mental health problems,
and barriers to care. New England, Journal of
Medicine, 351, 13-22.
Holmes & River (1998).individual stradegies for coping
with the stigma of severe mental illness.Cognitive
and Behavioral Practice, 5, 231-239.
Karamanoli, V. (2014a υπό επεξεργασία).Self stigma,
public stigma, attitudes toward professional help
and willingness to seek professional help in military
environment.
Καραμανώλη, Β. & Καραδήμας, ν. (2014b υπό επε-
ξεργασία) Αίσθηση αυτό-αποτελεσματικότητας,
αυτοεκτίμησης και κοινωνικός στιγματισμός στη
διαδικασία αναζήτησης βοήθειας από τον ειδικό
ψυχικής υγείας στο στρατιωτικό πλαίσιο.
Καραμανώλη, Β., ντάνη, Σ. (2015 υπό δημοσίευση).
ο Θεσμός Ψυχολογικής υποστήριξης στο στρα-
τιωτικό περιβάλλον: Στάσεις, φόβος στιγματι-
σμού, πρόθεση απεύθυνσης στον ειδικό ψυχικής
υγείας, Επιστημονικά Δημοσιεύματα, ΣΣΕ.
Kelly, a. E., & achter, J. a. (1995).Self-concealment
and attitudes toward counseling in university students.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-
Kim PY, Britt TW, Klocko RP, Riviere La, adler aB
(2011) Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment
and utilization of mental health care among soldiers.
Military Psychology 23, 65-81.
Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000).
Emotional openness as a predictor of college students’
attitudes toward seeking psychological
help.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 138-
Kushner,M. G., & Sher,K. J.(1989). Fears of psychological
treatment and its relation to mental health
service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research
and Practice, 20, 251-257.
Leaf, P., & Bruce, M. (1987). Gender differences in the
use of mental health-related services: a re-examination.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28,
-183.
Link, B., Cullen, F., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. (1987).
The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding
why labels matter. American Journal
of Sociology, 92, 1461-1500.
Lindinger - Sternart, S. (2015), Help-Seeking Behaviors
of Men for Mental Health and the impact of Diverse
Cultural Backgrounds,international Journal
of Social Science Studies, 3(1).
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V., Gekoski, W. L., &
Macaulay, H. L. (2004). an adaptation and extension
of the attitudes toward seeking professional
psychological help scale. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 34(11), 2410-2435
Martin, S. B., Wrisberg, C. a., Beitel, P. a., & Lounsbury,
J. (1997). NCaa Division i athletes’ attitudes
toward seeking sport psychology consultation:
The development of an objective instrument.Sport
Counselor, 11, 201-218.
Mechanic, D. (1975).Sociocultural and social psychological
factors affecting personal responses of
psychological disorder. Journal of Healthand Social
Behavior, 16, 393-405.
Meissen, G., Warren, M. L., & Kendall, M. (1996).an
assessment of college student willingness to use
self-help groups. Journal of College Student Development,
, 448-456.
Miller, W. R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: a review
with special emphasis on alcoholism, Psychological
Bulletin, 98, 84-107.
Moller-Leimkuhler, a. M. (2002). Barriers to help-seeking
by men: a review of sociocultural and clinical
literature with particular reference to depression.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 1-9.
Nadler, a., & Fisher, J. D. (1986). The role of threat to
self-esteem and perceived control in recipient reaction
to help: Theory development and empirical
validation in L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Advances in experimental
social psychology (Vol 19, pp. 81-122).
San Diego, Ca: academic Press.
Nash. W. P. (2007). Combat/operational stress adaptation
and injuries. in C. R. Figley & W.P. Nash
(Eds), Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and
management (pp33-63). New York: Routledge.
Nelson, G. D. & Barbaro, M. B. (1985).Fighting the
stigma: a unique approach to marketing mental
health.Health Marketing Quarterly, 2, 89-101.
Pipes, R. B., Schwarz, R., & Crouch, P. (1985).Measuring
client fears.Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 53, 933-934.
Porter, T. L., & Johnson, W. B. (1994).Psychiatric stigma
in the military.MilitaryMedicine, 159, 602-605.
Raviv, a., Sills, R., Raviv, a., & Wilansky, P. (2000).
adolescents’ help-seeking behavior: The difference
between self- and other referral. Journal of
Adolescence, 23, 721-740.
Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. a. (1994). Socialpsychological
factors affecting help-seeking for
emotional problems. Social Science and
Medicine, 39, 563-572.
Sareen, J., Cox, B.J., afifi T.O., Stein, M.B., (2007).
Combat and peacekeeping operations in relation
to prevalence of mental disorders and perceived
need for mental health care: findings from a large
representative sample of military personnel.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7): 843-52.
Sibicky, M., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological
therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions,
and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 33, 148-154.
Stefl, M. E. & Prosperi, D. C. (1985). Barriers to mental
health service utilization.Community Mental
Health Journal, 21, 167-178.
Tomlinson, S. M., & Cope N. R. (1988). Characteristics
of Black students seeking help at a university
counseling center. Journal of College Student Development,
, 65-69.
Vasterling, J. J., Duke, L. M., Brailey, K., Constans,
J. i., allain, a. N., & Sutker, P. B. (2002). attention,
learning, and memory performances and intellectual
resources in Vietnam veterans: PTSD and
no disorder comparisons. Neuropsychology, 16,
-14.
Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or
not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 50, 351-361.
Vogel, D. L., Wester, S. R., Wei, M., & Boysen G. a.
(2005). The Role of Outcome Expectations and attitudes
on Decisions to Seek Professional Help,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 459-470.
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring
the Self-Stigma associated With Seeking
Psychological Help,Journal of Counseling Psychology,
,(3), 325-337.
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. & Haake, S. (2007). Per216
u Βάσια Ιγνατίου Καραμανώλη
ceived public stigma and Willingness to Seek
Counseling: The Mediating Roles of Self-Stigma
and attitudes Toward Counseling, Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 54, 40-50.
Vogel, D. L., Wade N. G. & ascheman, P. L. (2009)
Measuring Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others
for Seeking Psychological Help: Reliability and Validity
of a New Stigma Scale With College Students,
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, (2),
-308.
Warner, C. H., appenzeller, G. N., Mullen, K., Warner,
C. M., & Grieger, T. (2008).Soldier attitudes toward
mental health screening and seeking care
upon return from combat.Military Medicine, 173,
-569.
Williams, C. (2000). Doing health, doing gender:
Teenagers, diabetes and asthma.Social Sciences
and Medicine, 50, 387-396.
Wilson, J. C., Deane, P. F., & CiarrochiJ. (2005). Measuring
Help-Seeking intentions: Properties of the
General Help-Seeking Questionnaire Canadian
Journal of Counsellingvol. 39:1
Wills, T. a. (1992).The helping process in the context
of personal relationships. in S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp
(Eds.), Helping and beinghelped (pp. 17-
. NewburyPark, Ca: Sage.