From one country to another: adversities and beneficial adaptation. Experiences of refugee children


Published: Jul 21, 2022
Keywords:
Refugees adversities children displacement resilience protective factors
Iraklis Grigoropoulos
Maria Ntova
Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the adversities encountered by refugee children and the factors promoting healthy adaptation (protective factors- resilience) to new living circumstances. Understanding the experience of each individual refugee is particularly important for policy making (not only for health concerns) in the context of displacement. A qualitative methodology was used. Fifteen (15) students (seven girls and eight boys) who followed an integration program at a Greek primary school in a region of central Macedonia participated. Their ages ranged from 6 to 12 years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and processed with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The systematic analysis of the narratives resulted in 3 central themes and their sub-themes, which lead to a meaningful experience of the children involved. Overall, the analysis of the data highlighted the fact that moving to a new country made the children of this research subject to intense experiences against which their personal potential played an important role.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ajdukovic, M, & Ajdukovic, D. (1993). Psychological well-being of refugee children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17(6), 843-854.
Bean, T., Derluyn, I., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E., Broekaert, E., & Spinhoven, P. (2007). Comparing Psychological Distress, Traumatic Stress Reactions, and Experiences of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors With Experiences of Adolescents Accompanied by Parents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(4), 288–297. . https://doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000243751.49499
Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience. International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 20(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363
Betancourt, T. S., Abdi, S., Ito, B. S., Lilienthal, G. M., Agalab, N., & Ellis, H. (2015). We left one war and came to another: resource loss, acculturative stress, and caregiver-child relationships in Somali refugee families. Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 21(1), 114–125. https://doi:10.1037/a0037538
Bronstein, I., & Montgomery, P. (2011). Psychological Distress in Refugee Children: A Systematic Review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(1), 44-56. https://doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0081-0
Burman, E (1994) Interviewing, in Banister, P, Burman, E, Parker, I, Taylor, M, & Tindall, C (1994) Qualitative methods in psychology: A research guide. Open University Press.
Bryman, A. (2008) Social research methods. 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press. New York.
Castles, S., Loughna, S., & Crawley, H. (2004). States of conflict: The causes of forced migration to the EU. Institute for Public Policy Research.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Correa-Velez, I., Gifford, S. M., & Barnett, A. G. (2010). Longing to belong: social inclusion and wellbeing among youth with refugee backgrounds in the first three years in Melbourne, Australia. Social science & medicine (1982), 71(8), 1399–1408.
Correa-Velez, I., Gifford, S. M., & McMichael, C. (2015). The persistence of predictors of wellbeing among refugee youth eight years after resettlement in Melbourne, Australia. Social science & medicine, 142, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.017
Crisis (2008). About homelessness. Ανακτήθηκε Φεβρουάριο 3, 2019 από https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e787/6230b9097c910d935c9cf66b39e7e7338178.pdf.
De Haene, L., Grietens, H., & Verschueren, K. (2007). From symptom to context: A review of the literature on refugee children's mental health. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 4(3), 233-256.
El-Khano, A., Ulph, F., Peters, S., & Calam, R. (2015). The challenges of parenting in refugee situations of immediate displacement. War Trauma Foundation.
Everly, G. S. & Lating, J. M. (2013). Resilience: The Final Frontier. In: A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response (3rd ed., pp. 143-154). Springer.
Fazel, M., & Stein, A. (2003). Mental health of refugee children: comparative study. British Medical Journal, 327, (7407), 134.
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7,000 refugees resettled in Western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314.
Fergus, S. & Zimmerman, A. (2005) Adolescent Resilience: A Framework forUnderstanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26,399–419.
Γεωργιάδη, Ε. (2012). Ασυνόδευτοι αλλοδαποί ανήλικοι στην Ελλάδα. Ζητήματα ιατρικής και ψυχοκοινωνικής προσέγγισης. Σύναψις,8, 9-15.
Γιαννακόπουλος, Γ., Αναγνωστόπουλος, Δ., & Λαζαράτου, Ε. (2016). Ψυχική επιβάρυνση των παιδιών των προσφύγων. Σύναψις, 12, 18-19.
Grigoropoulos, I. (2020a). Family bonds in the midst of adversity. Insights into refugee children’s coping ways. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26 (1), 222-230.
Grigoropoulos, I. (2020b). Move on, no matter what… Young refugee’s accounts of their displacement experiences, Childhood, 28 (1), 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0907568220944988
Grotberg, E. (2009). Three Sources of Resilience. Head Start Bulletin, 80. Ανακτήθηκε Δεκέμβριος 12, 2018 από: https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov
Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is Resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600504
Hjemdal O, Friborg O, Stiles TC et al. (2006). A new scale for adolescent resilience: Grasping the central protective resources behind healthy development. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2006.11909791
Hodes, M. (2000). Psychological distressed refugee children in the United Kingdom. Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review, 5(2), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136064170000215X
Hodes, M., Jagdev, D., Chandra, N., & Cunniff, A. (2008). Risk and resilience for psychological distress amongst unaccompanied asylum seeking adolescents. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 49(7), 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01912.x
Joshi P. T., Fayyad J. A. (2015) Displaced children: the psychological implications. Child & Adolescence Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24(4), 715– 730. https://doi:10.1016/j.chc.2015.06.003
Karam, E., G, Mneimneh, Z., N, Karam, A., N, Fayyad J., A, Nasser S., C., Chatterji, S, & Kessler, R., C. (2006) Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Lebanon: a national epidemiological survey. Lancet, 367(9515), 1000–1006. https://doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68427-4
Καραβέλλα, Μ., & Γκιωνάκης, Ν. (2006). Οι «προδομένοι». Μελέτη μιας περίπτωσης από τη Συρία. Σύναψις, 12, 8-13.
Λαδοπούλου, Κ.( 2013). Ψυχική ανθεκτικότητα σε παιδιά και εφήβους. Ψυχιατρική παιδιού & εφήβου 1 (1), 27-36.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J. D., Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of Child and Adolescent Refugee Mental Health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 24–36. https://doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012
Mason, J. (2002) Qualitative Researching. 2nd Edition, Sage Publications, London.
Masten A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child development, 85(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
Μαστρογιάννη, Α. ( 2009). Μετανάστευση και ψυχική υγεία. Σύναψις, 5, 24-29.
McBrien, J. L. (2005). Educational Needs and Barriers for Refugee Students in the United States: A Review of the Literature. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 329–364. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003329
Masten, A. S., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2008). Understanding and promoting resilience in children: Promotive and protective processes in schools. In C. R. Reynolds & T. B. Gutkin (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology, (4th ed., pp. 721-738). John Wiley & Sons.
«Μέριμνα» - Παπαδάτου, Δ., Τσελεπή, Ντ., Μανατού, Ε., & Γιαννοπούλου, Ι. (2018). Ψυχοκοινωνική στήριξη παιδιών και οικογενειών που παίρνουν τους δρόμους της προσφυγιάς. UNICEF, Μέριμνα & Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών. Ανακτήθηκε Απρίλιο 5, 2019 από http://merimna.org.gr/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Unicef_Merimna_gr.pdf
Miller, D., & Daniel, B. (2007). Competent to Cope, Worthy of Happiness? How the Duality of Self-Esteem Can Inform a Resilience-Based Classroom Environment. School Psychology International, 28(5), 605-622.
Miller, K. E., Worthington, G. J., Muzurovic, J., Tipping, S., & Goldman, A. (2002). Bosnian refugees and the stressors of exile: A narrative study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(3), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.72.3.341
Mishler, E. G. (1996). H Συνέντευξη Έρευνας, Νοηματικό Πλαίσιο και Αφήγημα. Καλομοίρης Γ. ( επιμέλεια), Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Μπελλάλη, Θ. (2005). Κριτήρια και διαδικασία αξιολόγησης των ποιοτικών ερευνών στον χώρο της υγείας. Ψυχική υγεία και επιστήμη συμπεριφοράς. Αθήνα.
Montgomery, E., & Foldspang, A. (2005). Seeking asylum in Denmark: refugee children’s mental health and exposure to violence. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 233–237.
Mohaupt, S. (2008). Review article: Resilience and social exclusion. Social Policy and Society 8(1), 63–71.
Müller, K. D. (2015). Minderjährige unbegleitete Flüchtlinge. Inobhutnahme und Erstversorgung im Landesbetrieb Erziehung und Beratung. Ανακτήθηκε Μάρτιο 17, 2019 από http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/2672526/data/doku-2010.pdf
Nielsen, S. S., Norredam, M., Christensen, K. L., Obel, C., & Krasnik, A. (2007). The mental health of asylum-seeking children in Denmark. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 169(43), 3660–3665.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Administration and policy in mental health, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Platt, J. J., Beiding, Μ. A., & Husband, S. D. (2001). Competence building in adolescents. In K. L. Kumpfer (Ed.) Promoting AOD resiliency in High Risk Youth. Substance Abuse Prevention, Rockville, MD.
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 602–612.
Prendergast, J. (2014). ΗνέαεικόνατωνσυγκρούσεωνστηνΑφρικανικήήπειρο. Ανακτήθηκε Απρίλιο 20, 2019 από http://foreignaffairs.gr/articles/69732/john-prendergast/i-nea-eikona-ton-sygkroyseon-stin-afrikaniki-ipeiro?page=show
Robson, C. (2007). Η έρευνα του πραγματικού κόσμου. Gutenberg.
Rutter M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and psychopathology, 24(2), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000028
Rutter M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.002
Save the Children. (2017) A tide of self-harm and depression: The EU-Turkey Deal’s devastating impact on child refugees and migrants. Ανακτήθηκε Φεβρουαρίου 5, 2019 από https://reliefweb.int/report/greece/tide-self-harm-and-depression-eu-turkey-deal-sdevastating-impact-child-refugees-and
Siebert, E. (2010). Schwere Last auf kleinen Schultern. Aufgaben und Grenzen Sozialer Arbeit mit minderjährigen traumatisierten Flüchtlingen aus Kriegsgebieten. Tectum.
Sirin, S., Rogers-Sirin.L. (2015). The Educational and Mental Health Needs of Syrian Refugee Children. Migration Policy Institute (MPI), Washington. Ανακτήθηκε Ιούνιο 10, 2018 απόhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/FCD-Sirin- Rogers-FINAL.pdf
Smith, J. A. (1996). Beyond the divide between cognition and discourse: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in health psychology. Psychology and Health, 11, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449608400256
Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 51-80). Sage Publications, Inc.
Smith, J.A. Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: theory, method and research. Sage.
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(5), 537- 549. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1132
Stewart, E. (2011). Toward Understanding Resilient Outcomes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,56, 256–257.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: The UN Refugee Agency. (2015). UNHCR refugee resettlement trends, 2015. Ανακτήθηκε Αύγουστο 28, 2018 απόhttp://www.unhcr.org/559ce97f9
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: The UN Refugee Agency. (2016). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2015. Ανακτήθηκε Αύγουστο 28, 2018 από http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcrglobal-trends-2015.html
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: The UN Refugee Agency. (2017). Mid-year trends, 2016. Ανακτήθηκε Αύγουστο 28, 2018 http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/58aa8f247/mid-year-trends-june-2016.html
Wald, J., Taylor, S., Asmundson, G., Jang, L., Stapleton, J. ( 2006). Literature review of concepts: psychological resiliency. Defence Research and Development, Canada.
Weine, S., Muzurovic, N., Kulauzovic, Y., Besic, S., Lezic, A., Mujagic, A., Muzurovic, J., Spahovic, D., Feetham, S., Ware, N., Knafl, K., Pavkovic, I. (2004) Family consequences of refugee trauma. Family Process 43, 147–160.
Werner, E. (2012). Children and war: risk, resilience, and recovery. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 553–558.