Heirloom or Antique? Import or Imitation? Objects with Fictive “Biographies” in Early Iron Age Knossos
Περίληψη
During the Early Iron Age, Knossos was one of the most important cities of the Aegean. In addition to objects from elsewhere in the Aegean, a wide range of Cypriot, Phoenician and North Syrian imports has been discovered in the Early Iron Age Knossian cemeteries. In certain cases, these grave goods predate their funerary context by a century. This paper examines the stylistic and contextual dating of these imports, in an attempt to associate, from a contextual point of view, these items with the funerary practices of the Knossians. Grave goods deposited in the same cemeteriesalso included Early Iron Age local imitations of Late Bronze Age Near Eastern imports. It is suggested that members of the Early Iron Age Knossian elite treated certain contemporary objects, which belonged stylistically either to the Late Bronze Age Cypriot, Phoenician or North Syrian traditions, on the one hand, or to the local Minoan tradition, on the other hand, as if they were antiques and/or heirlooms. In this way, that is, by appropriating the ancestral past of the community, the elite could establish and maintain their authority. For this reason, “fake” keimelia and heirlooms had to acquire new complex “biographies”.
Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
- Πώς να δημιουργήσετε Αναφορές
-
Antoniadis, V. (2021). Heirloom or Antique? Import or Imitation? Objects with Fictive “Biographies” in Early Iron Age Knossos. Τεκμήρια, 15, 73–107. https://doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.26161
- Τεύχος
- Τόμ. 15: (2019-2020)
- Ενότητα
- Άρθρα
Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το CC Αναφορά Δημιουργού – Μη Εμπορική Χρήση – Παρόμοια Διανομή 4.0.
Οι συγγραφείς των άρθρων που δημοσιεύονται στα Τεκμήρια διατηρούν τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας επί των άρθρων τους, παραχωρώντας στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης. Άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στα Τεκμήρια μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται ελεύθερα για μη κερδοσκοπικούς σκοπούς, χωρίς δικαίωμα τροποποίησης (δημιουργία παράγωγου έργου), με αναφορά στο συγγραφέα και στην πρώτη δημοσίευση. Το Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών διατηρεί το δικαίωμα να δημοσιεύει, να αναπαράγει, να παρουσιάζει στο κοινό, να διανέμει και να χρησιμοποιεί άρθρα που δημοσιεύονται στα Τεκμήρια σε οποιοδήποτε μέσο και μορφή, είτε μεμονωμένα είτε ως μέρη συλλογικών έργων, για όλο το χρόνο διάρκειας προστασίας της πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας και για όλες τις χώρες του κόσμου. Αυτό περιλαμβάνει, ενδεικτικά και όχι αποκλειστικά, το δικαίωμα δημοσίευσης των άρθρων σε τεύχη του περιοδικού Τεκμήρια, αναπαραγωγής και διανομής μεμονωμένων αντιγράφων των άρθρων, αναπαραγωγής ολόκληρων των άρθρων σε άλλη έκδοση του ΕΙΕ, και αναπαραγωγής και διανομής των άρθρων ή της περίληψης τους με χρήση πληροφορικού συστήματος αποθετηρίου.
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Antoniadis, V. 2012. Early Iron Age Cemeteries at Knossos: The Appreciation of Oriental Imports and Their Imitations by Knossian Society (Diss. Univ. of Pompeu Fabra).
Antoniadis, V. 2017. Knossos and the Near East: A Contextual Approach to Imports and Imitations in Early Iron Age Tombs. Oxford.
Appadurai, A. (ed.). 1986. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge.
Arrington, N. 2016. “Talismanic Practice at Lefkandi: Trinkets, Burials and Belief in the Early Iron Age”, The Cambridge Classical Journal 62, 1-30.
Arvanitopoulos, Α. 1915. “Ἀνασκαφαὶ καὶ ἔρευναι ἐν Τίρυνθι”, Prakt, 201-236.
Aubet, M.E. 1994. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade. Cambridge.
Bennet, J. 2004. “Iconographies of Value: Words, People and Things in the Late Bronze Age Aegean”, in J.C. Barrett, P. Halstead (eds.), The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Civilisation 6). Oxford, 90-106.
Boardman, J. 1967. “The Khaniale Tekke Tombs II”, BSA 62, 57-75.
Bourogiannis, G. 2012. “Pondering the Cypro-Phoenician Conundrum. The Aegean View of a Bewildering Term”, in M. Iacovou (ed.), Cyprus and the Aegean in the Early Iron Age: The Legacy of Nicolas Coldstream. Nicosia, 183-206.
Bourogiannis, G. 2018. “The Phoenician Presence in the Aegean during the Early Iron Age: Trade, Settlement and Cultural Interaction”, RStudFen 46, 43-88.
Brock, J.K. 1957. Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs near Knossos. Cambridge.
Catling, H.W. 1964. Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World. Oxford.
Catling, H.W. 1984. “Workshop and Heirloom: Prehistoric Bronze Stands in the East Mediterranean”, RDAC, 69-91.
Catling, H.W. 1996a. “The Objects Other than Pottery in Sub-Minoan Tombs”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 517-537.
Catling, H.W. 1996b. “Bronze”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs London (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 542-574.
Catling, H.W. 1996c. “The Sub-Minoan Phase in the North Cemetery at Knossos”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 639-649.
Cavanagh, B. 1996. “The Burial Customs”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 651-675.
Coldstream, J.N. 1973. Knossos: The Sanctuary of Demeter. London.
Colstream, J.N. 1979. “Some Cypriot Traits in Cretan pottery c. 950-750 BC”, in V. Karageorghis (ed.), Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium. The Relations between Cyprus and Crete ca. 2000-500 BC, 1978. Nicosia, 258-263.
Colstream, J.N. 1984. “Cypriaca and Cretocypriaca from the North Cemetery of Knossos”, RDAC, 122-137.
Coldstream, J.N. 1996. “The Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 311-420.
Coldstream, J.N. 1998. “Minos Redivivus: Some Nostalgic Knossians of the Ninth Century BC (a Summary),” in W.G. Cavanagh, M. Curtis (eds.), Post-Minoan Crete. Proceedings of the First Colloquium on Post-Minoan Crete held by the British School at Athens and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 10-11 November 1995 (British School at Athens Studies 2). London, 58-61.
Coldstream, J.N. 2001. “The Early Greek Period”, in J.N. Coldstream, L.J. Eiring (eds.), Knossos Pottery Handbook. Greek and Roman (British School at Athens Studies 7). London, 21-76.
Coldstream, J.N. 2002. “Knossos: ‘Geometric tombs’ Excavated by D.G. Hogarth, 1900”, BSA 97, 201-216.
Coldstream, J.N. 2006. “Knossos in Early Greek Times”, in S. Deger-Jalkotzy, I.S. Lemos (eds.), Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer (Leventis Studies 3). Edinburgh, 581-596.
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. (eds.). 1996a. Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.I-IV). London.
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. 1996b. “The Teke Site”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.I). London, 1-52.
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. 1996c. “The Medical Faculty Site”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.I). London, 53-282.
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. 1996d. “Epilogue, by the Editors”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 711-723.
Coldstream, J.N., Catling, H.W. 1996e. “The Figures”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.III). London.
Crielaard, J.P. 2003. “The Cultural Biography of Material Goods in Homer’s Epics”, Gaia 7, 49-62.
Cross, T.M. 1974. Bronze Tripods and Related Stands in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Twelfth through the Seventh Centuries BC (Diss. Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).
Crowe A. 2019. “Old Things, New Contexts: Bronze Age Objects in Early Iron Age Burials at Knossos”, in E. Borgna, I. Caloi, F. Carinci, R. Laffineur (eds.), Mneme. Past and Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 17th International Aegean Conference, University of Udine, Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Department of Humanities, 17-21 April 2018 (Aegaeum 43). Leuven – Liège, 481-486.
Davaras, C. 1968. “Two Geometric Tombs at Atsalenio near Knossos”, BSA 63, 133-146.
Deger-Jalkotzy, S. 2002. “Innerägäische Beziehungen und auswärtige Kontakte des mykenischen Griechenland in nachpalatialer Zeit”, in E.A. Braun-Holzinger, H. Matthäus (eds.), Die nahöstlichen Kulturen und Griechenland an der Wende vom 2. zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Kontinuität und Wandel von Strukturen und Mechanismen kultureller Interaktion. Kolloquium des Sonderforschungsbereiches 295 “Kulturelle und sprachliche Kontakte” der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 11.-12. Dezember 1998. Möhnesee, 47-74.
Demetriou, A. 1978. “Die Datierung der Periode Cypro-Archaic I nach Fundzusammenhängen mit griechischer Keramik”, AA 1978, 12-25.
Dimitrakos, D. 1956. Μέγα λεξικὸν τῆς ἑλληνικῆς γλώσσης, Vol. 5. Athens.
García González, D., López Chamizo, S., Cumpián Rodríguez, A., Sánchez Bandera, P.J. 2013. “La tumba del guerrero. Un hallazgo de época protohistórica en Málaga”, Mainake 34, 277-292.
Gjerstad, E. 1948. The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical Periods. (Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV.2). Stockholm.
Gosden, C., Marshall, Y. 1999. “The Cultural Biography of Objects”, WorldArch 31.2, 169-178.
Harding, A. 2016. “Introduction: Biographies of Things”, Distant Worlds Journal 1, 5-9.
Higgins, R.A. 1996. “Jewellery”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 539-542.
Hoffman, G.L. 1997. Imports and Immigrants: Near Eastern Contacts with Iron Age Crete. University of Michigan Press. Chicago.
Hogarth, D.G. 1899-1900. “Knossos: Early Town and Cemeteries”, BSA 6, 70-85.
Hood, M.S.F., Coldstream, J.N. 1968. “A Late Minoan tomb at Ayios Ioannis near Knossos”, BSA 63, 205-218.
Hoskins, J. 1998. Biographical Objects: How Things Tell the Stories of People’s Lives. London.
Hutchinson, R.W., Boardman, J. 1954. “The Khaniale Tekke Tombs”, BSA 49, 215-228.
Jones, D.W. 2000. External Relations of Early Iron Age Crete, 1100-600 B.C. Philadelphia.
Jung, R. 2012. “Can We Say, What’s behind All Those Sherds? Ceramic Innovations in the Eastern Mediterranean at the End of the Second Millennium.”, in J. Maran, P. Stockhammer (eds.), Materiality and Social Practice: Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters. Oxford, 104-120.
Karageorghis, V. 1974, “Pikes or Obeloi from Cyprus and Crete”, in D. Levi, P. Carratelli, G. Rizza (eds.), Antichità Cretesi. Studi in onore di Doro Levi II. Catania, 168-172.
Kopytoff, I. 1986. “The Cultural Biography of Things: Commoditization as Process”, in A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge, 64-91.
Kotsonas, A. 2006. “Wealth and Status in Iron Age Knossos”, OJA 25.2, 149-172.
Kotsonas, A. 2011. “Foreign Identity and Ceramic Production in Early Iron Age Crete”, in G. Rizza (ed.), Identità culturale, etnicità, processi di trasformazione a Creta fra Dark Age e Arcaismo. Per i cento anni dello scavo di Priniàs 1906-2006. Convegno di studi (Atene 9-12 novembre 2006). Catania, 133-155.
Kotsonas, A. 2012. “‘Creto-Cypriot’ and ‘Cypro-Phoenician’ Complexities in the Archaeology of Interaction between Crete and Cyprus”, in M. Iacovou (ed.), Cyprus and the Aegean in the Early Iron Age: The Legacy of Nicolas Coldstream. Nicosia, 155-182.
Kotsonas, A. 2018. “Homer, The Archaeology of Crete and the ‘Tomb of Meriones’ at Knossos”, JHS 138, 1-35.
Kotsonas, A. 2019. “Early Iron Age Knossos and the Development of the City of the Historical Period”, in Proceedings of the 12th International Cretological Conference. Herakleio 21-25 September 2016. Herakleion, 1-13
(https://12iccs.proceedings.gr/en/proceedings/category/39/35/811) (accessed 1/10/2019).
Kotsonas, A., Vasilakis, A., Whitelaw, T. 2012. “Η Κνωσός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου: Τα νέα δεδομένα από το πρόγραμμα επιφανειακής έρευνας (KULP)”, in M. Adrianakis, P. Varthalitou, I. Tzachili (eds.), Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 2. Rethymno, 219-229.
Kotsonas, Α., Whitelaw, T., Vasilakis, A., Bredaki, M. 2018. “Early Iron Age Knossos: An Overview from the Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP)”, in Ι. Gavrilaki (ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Cretological Conference, Rethymno, 21-27 October 2011. Vol. Α2.1. Rethymno, 61-77.
Kourou, N., Karetsou, A. 1998. “An Enigmatic Stone from Knossos. A Reused Cippus?”, in V. Karageorghis, N.C. Stampolidis (eds.), Eastern Mediterranean. Cyprus – Dodecanese – Crete, 16th-6th cent. B.C. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Rethymnon – Crete in May 1997. Athens, 243-255.
Kourou, N., Grammatikaki, E. 1998. “An Anthropomorphic Cippus from Knossos, Crete”, in R. Rolle, K. Schmidt (eds.), Archäologische Studien in Kontaktzonen der antiken Welt. Hamburg, 237-251.
Lebessi, Α. 1970. “’Aνασκαφικαὶ ἔρευναι εἰς ἀνατολικὴν Κρήτην”, Prakt, 256-297.
Lillios, K.T. 1999. “Objects of Memory: The Ethnography and Archaeology of Heirlooms”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6, 235-262.
Lipínski, E. 1983. “Notes d’épigraphie phénicienne et punique”, OLP 14,129-165.
Lipínski, E. 2004. Itineraria Phoenicia (Studia Phoenicia 18). Leuven.
Maran, J. 2006. “Coming to Terms with the Past: Ideology and Power in Late Helladic IIIC”, in S. Deger-Jalkotzy, I.S. Lemos (eds.), Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer (Leventis Studies 3). Edinburgh, 123-150.
Maran, J., Stockhammer P.W. (eds.). 2012. Materiality and Social Practice: Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters. Oxford.
Matthäus, H. 1985. Metallgefässe und Gefässuntersätze der Bronzezeit, der geometrischen und archaischen Periode auf Cypern. Munich.
Matthäus, H. 1988. “Heirloom or Tradition? Bronze Stands of the Second Millenium and Early First Millennium BC in Cyprus, Greece, Italy”, in E.B. French, K.A. Wardle (eds.), Problems in Greek Prehistory. Papers Presented at the Centenary Conference of the British Scholl of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester, April 1986. Bristol, 285-300.
Matthäus, H. 1998. “Cyprus and Crete in the Early First Millennium B.C.”, in V. Karageorghis, N.C. Stampolidis (eds.), Eastern Mediterranean. Cyprus – Dodecanese – Crete, 16th-6th cent. B.C. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Rethymnon – Crete in May 1997. Athens, 127-158.
Mauss, M. 1966. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. I. Cunnison. London.
Negbi, O. 1992. “Early Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands: A Reappraisal”, AJA 96:4, 599-615.
Papasavvas, G. 2001. Χάλκινοι υποστάτες από την Κύπρο και την Κρήτη: Τριποδικοί και τετράπλευροι υποστάτες από την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού έως την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου. Nicosia.
Papasavvas, G. 2012. “Cretan Bronze Stands of Cypriot Types from Sanctuaries and Cemeteries: Cretan Society in the Early Iron Age”, in M. Iacovou (ed.), Cyprus and the Aegean in the Early Iron Age: The Legacy of Nicolas Coldstream. Nicosia, 129-153.
Payne, H.G.G. 1927-1928. “Early Greek Vases from Knossos”, BSA 29, 224-298.
Pendlebury, J.D.S. 1939. The Archaeology of Crete: An Introduction. New York.
Prent, M. 2004. “Cult Activities at the Palace of Knossos from the End of the Bronze Age: Continuity and Change”, in G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki, A. Vasilakis (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State. Proceedings of the Conference in Herakleion, Organised by the British School at Athens and the 23rd Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Herakleion, in November 2000, for the Centenary of Sir Arthur Evans’s Excavations at Knossos (British School at Athens Studies 12). London, 411-419.
Rethemiotakis, G., Englezou, M. 2010. Το Γεωμετρικό νεκροταφείο της Έλτυνας. Herakleion.
Rousaki, M., Anagnostaki, G. 2012. “Νέο τμήμα του ονομαζόμενου Βόρειου
Νεκροταφείου Κνωσού στον Άγιο Ιωάννη (Αμπελόκηποι-Τεκές): Μια πρώτη προσέγγιση”, in M. Adrianakis, P. Varthalitou, I. Tzachili (eds.), Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 2. Πρακτικά της 2ης Συνάντησης: Ρέθυμνο, 26-28 Νοεμβρίου 2010. Rethymnon, 230-238.
Schreiber N. 2003. The Cypro-Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age. Leiden.
Snodgrass, A. 1996. “Iron”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 575-598.
Sznycer, M. 1979. “L’inscription phénicienne de Tekke, près de Cnossos”, Kadmos 18, 89-93.
Stampolidis, N. 2004. Ελεύθερνα: Πόλη – Ακρόπολη – Νεκρόπολη. Athens.
Van Wijngaarden, G.J. 2005. “Mycenaean Heirlooms, Antiques and Souvenirs in the Levant and Cyprus”, in R. Laffineur, E. Greco (eds.), Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference, Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004 (Aegaeum 25.1). Liège and Austin, 405-413.
Van Wijngaarden, G.J. 2008. “The Relevance of Authenticity. Mycenaean-Type Pottery in the Mediterranean”, in P.F. Biehl, Y.Y. Rassamakin (eds.), Import and Imitation in Archaeology. Langenweissbach, 125-146.
Van Wijngaarden, G. J. 2012. “Trade Goods Reproducing Merchants? The Materiality of Mediterranean Late Bronze Age Εxchange”, in J. Maran, P. Stockhammer (eds.), Materiality and Social Practice: Transformative Capacities of Intercultural Encounters. Oxford, 61-72.
Webb, V. 1996. “Faience and Glass”, in J.N. Coldstream, H.W. Catling (eds.), Knossos North Cemetery. Early Greek Tombs (BSA Suppl. 28.II). London, 599-610.
Whitelaw, T., Bredaki, M., Vasilakis, A. 2007. “The Knossos Urban Landscape Project: Ιnvestigating the Long-term Dynamics of an Urban Landscape”, Archaeology International 10, 28-31.
Whitley, J. 1986. Style, Burial and Society in Dark Age Greece. Social, Stylistic and Mortuary Change in the Τwo Communities of Athens and Knossos between 1100 and 700 B.C. (Diss. Univ. of Cambridge).
Whitley, J. 2002. “Objects with Attitude: Biographical Facts and Fallacies in the Study of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Warrior Graves”, CAJ 12, 217-232.
Whitley, J. 2013. “Homer’s Entangled Objects: Narrative, Agency and Personhood in and out of Iron Age Texts”, CAJ 23, 395-416.
