Η διαμόρφωση των Ευρωπαϊκών πολιτικών στην Εκπαίδευση Ενηλίκων: Βασικά μηνύματα και σημαντικές προκλήσεις


Νικολέττα Ιωάννου
Abstract

Το παρόν άρθρο αναλύει τις κύριες επιρροές και τους παράγοντες που επηρέασαν τη διαμόρφωση της πολιτικής για την εκπαίδευση ενηλίκων στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ), καθώς και τα βασικά μηνύματα, τις κύριες κατευθύνσεις και τις βασικές έννοιες που επισημαίνονται στα σχετικά έγγραφα πολιτικής. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθούν τα παραπάνω, πραγματοποιήθηκε ανασκόπηση των επίσημων εγγράφων πολιτικής της ΕΕ για την εκπαίδευση ενηλίκων τα τελευταία είκοσι χρόνια. Η εκπαίδευση ενηλίκων απέκτησε εξέχουσα θέση στην πολιτική της ΕΕ κυρίως ως συστατικό ζωτικής σημασίας της διά βίου μάθησης. Ωστόσο, διαφαίνεται ότι η έμφαση στις πολιτικές αυτές δίνεται κυρίως στην υλοποίηση των οικονομικών στόχων της Ένωσης, εστιάζοντας στις τάσεις και τις ανάγκες της αγοράς εργασίας, όπως είναι η απασχολησιμότητα και η ανταγωνιστικότητα. Αυτό το άρθρο καταλήγει στη θέση ότι οι πολιτικές για την εκπαίδευση ενηλίκων πρέπει να διασφαλίζουν την απρόσκοπτη συμμετοχή των ενηλίκων στη μάθηση, έτσι ώστε να προάγουν την προσωπική και κοινωνική ανάπτυξη και την ευημερία των ενηλίκων και να συμβάλλουν στη διαμόρφωση πιο συνεκτικών και δίκαιων κοινωνιών.

Article Details
  • Sezione
  • Articles
Downloads
I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Biesta, G. (2012). Have Lifelong Learning and Emancipation Still Something to Say to Each Other? Studies in the Education of Adults, 44(1), 5–20.
Bokova, I. (2016) Certified copy of the Recommendation on Adult Learning and Education, Ref.: CL/4157, 10/06/2016. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245067
Brine, J. (2006) Lifelong Learning and the Knowledge Economy: those that know and those that do not – the discourse of the European Union. British Educational Research Journal, 32(5), 649–665.
Brookfield, S. D. (1986) Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning: A Comprehensive Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices. Open University Press.
Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. Jossey-Bass.
Brookfield, S. D. (1993) Self-Directed Learning, Political Clarity and the Critical Practice of Adult Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 43(4), 227-242.
Cedefop (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training). (2008). Terminology of European education and training policy: A selection of 100 key terms. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Collins, M. (1991). Adult Education as Vocation: A Critical Role for the Adult Educator. Routledge.
Collins, M. (1996) On Contemporary, Practice, and Research: Self-Directed Learning to Critical Theory. In: Edwards, R., Hanson, A. and Raggatt P. (Eds.), Boundaries of Adult Learning: Adult Learners, Education, and Training, pp. 109-127. Routledge.
Commission of the European Communities. (2000) A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning. https://arhiv.acs.si/dokumenti/Memorandum_on_Lifelong_Learning.pdf
Commission of the European Communities. (2001). Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality. Communication, COM (2001) 678 final. Commission of the European Communities. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52001DC0678&from=EN
Council of the European Union. (2002). Council Resolution of 27 June 2002 on Lifelong Learning, 2002/C 163/01. Official Journal of the European Communities. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002G0709(01)&from=EN
Council of the European Union (2011). Council Resolution on a renewed European agenda for adult learning, 2011/C 372/01. Official Journal of the European Union. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011G1220(01)&from=EN
Council of the European Union. (2016). Council Recommendation of 19 December 2016 on Upskilling Pathways: New Opportunities for Adults 2016/C 484/01. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016H1224(01)&from=EN
Council of the European Union. (2019). Council conclusions on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on Upskilling Pathways: New Opportunities for Adult 2019/C 189/04. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52019XG0605(01)&from=EN
Council of the European Union. (2021). Council Resolution on a new European agenda for adult learning 2021-2030 2021/C 504/02. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021G1214(01)&from=EN
Desjardins, R. (2015). Participation in adult education opportunities: Evidence from PIAAC and policy trends in selected countries. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002323/232396e.pdf
EAEA (European Association for the Education of Adults). (2019). Manifesto for Adult Learning in the 21st Century: The Power and Joy of Learning. https://eaea.org/our-work/influencing-policy/manifesto-for-adult-learning-in-the-21st-century/
Egetenmeyer, R. (2010). Professionalization in adult education: a European perspective. In R. Egetenmeyer & N. Ekkehard (Eds.), Teachers and Trainers in Adult and Lifelong Learning Asian and European Perspectives (pp. 31–44). Peter Lang.
European Commission. (2006). It is never too late to learn COM (2006) 614 final. European Commission. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0614&from=EN
European Commission. (2007). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions on Action Plan on Adult learning: It is always a good time to learn, COM (2007) 558 final. European Commission. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0558&from=EN
European Commission. (2010). EUROPE 2020, A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, Communication from the Commission, COM (2010) 2020. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
European Commission. (2015α). Joint Report of the Council and the Commission on the implementation of the strategic framework for European Cooperation in education and Training (ET 2020) New Priorities for European Cooperation in education and Training (2015/C 417/04). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015XG1215(02)&from=GA
European Commission. (2015β). An in-depth analysis of adult learning policies and their effectiveness in Europe. Brussels: Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion. [Online]. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=7851&furtherPubs=yes
European Commission. (2019). Achievements under the Renewed European Agenda for Adult Learning Report of the ET 2020 Working Group on Adult Learning (2018-2020). https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8260&furtherPubs=yes
European Commission. (2020). European Skills Agenda for Sustainable Competitiveness, Social Fairness, and Resilience. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0274
European Parliament. (2000). LISBON EUROPEAN COUNCIL 23 AND 24 MARCH 2000, PRESIDENCY CONCLUSIONS. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm
European Parliament. (1995). Decision No 2493/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 1995 established 1996 as the ‘European year of lifelong learning’. Official Journal of European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31995D2493&from=GA
Eurydice. (2015). Adult Education and Training in Europe: Widening Access to Learning Opportunities. Publications Office of the European Union.
Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder and Herder.
Guimarães, P. (2017). The usefulness of adult education: Lifelong learning in the European Union and the Portuguese public policy. Andragoška spoznanja, 23(4), 35-50.
Grummell, B. (2007). The ‘Second Chance’ myth: Equality opportunity in Irish adult education policies. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55(2), 182–201.
Holford, J. & Milana, M. (2014). Introduction, European Adult Education Policy in Question. In: M. Milana, and J. Holford, (Eds.), Adult Education Policy and the European Union: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives, 1-3. Sense Publishers.
Holford, J., Milana, M. & Mohorčič Špolar, V. (2014). Adult and lifelong education: the European Union, its member states and the world. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 33(3), 267–274.
Jarvis, P. (2004). Adult Education and Lifelong Learning: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Routledge Falmer.
Jõgi, L. & Gross, M. (2009). The Professionalisation of Adult Educators in the Baltic States. European Journal of Education, 44(2), 221–242.
Kolb, D. A. & Fry, R. (1975). Towards an applied theory of experiential learning. In C. Cooper, (Ed.) Theories of Group Process, pp. 33-57. John Wiley.
Knowles, M.S. & Bradford, L.P. (1952). Group methods in adult education. Journal of Social Issues, 8(2), 11–22.
Merriam, S.B. & Brockett, R.G. (2007). The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction. Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S.B. & Caffarella, R.S. (1999). Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide. Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J. (1991). Trasnformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass.
Mikulec, B. (2015). Formation of Adult Education Policy from a European Perspective. Andragogical Studies Journal for the Study of Adult Education and Learning 1, 9–24.
Mikulec, B. (2019). Competences of adult education professionals in the European and Slovene context. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 25(1), 25–44.
Negt, O. (2012). Gesellschaftsentwurf Europa. Steidl/ifa.
NRDC, DIE, IOE London, ANCLI and University of Warsaw. (2010). Final report for: Study on European Terminology in Adult Learning for a common language and common understanding and monitoring of the sector, Call Number: EAC 11/2008. http://languageforwork.ecml.at/Portals/48/documents/lfw-web_item-3a_nrdc_european-adult-learning-glossary-rept_en.pdf
Nuissl, E. (2010). Profession and Professional Work in Adult Education in Europe. Studi sulla Formazione, 12(1/2), 127–132.
Paulos, C. (2015). Qualification of Adult Educators in Europe: Insights from the Portuguese Case. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 2(1), 25–38.
Prins, E. & Drayton, B. (2010). Adult Education for the Empowerment of Individuals and Communities. In CE Kasworm, AD Rose, & JM Ross-Gordon (Eds.), Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education (pp.209-219). Jossey-Bass.
Rasmussen, P. (2024). Adult Learning Policy in the European Commission - Development and Status, in M. Milana, J. Holford., (Eds.), Adult Education Policy and the European Union, 17–34.
Roing, S. & Crowther, J. (2016). Can Dreams Come True? Exploring transformative education and development through the experiences of La Verneda-Sant Marti, Catalunya, Spain. In A. Schultz, T. W. (1971). Investment in Human Capital. Free Press. Skinner, S.M. Baillie, E, Brown, & T. Troll (Eds.). Education, Learning and the Transformation of Development (pp. 77–92). Routledge.
Rubenson, K. & Elfert, M. (2015). Adult education research: exploring an increasingly fragmented map. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 6(2), 125–138.
UNESCO. (2015). Recommendation on Adult Learning and Education. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002451/245119M.pdf#page=3
Villalba, E. (2016). The Council Recommendation on validation of non-formal and informal learning: implications for mobility. Journal of international Mobility, 6, 9-24.
Zarifis, G. & Papadimitriou, A. (2015). What Does It Take to Develop Professional Adult Educators in Europe? Andragogical Studies, 2, 9–22. www.as.edu.rs/pdf/28