Emerging adult children of parents with psychosis spectrum disorders


Published: Feb 26, 2024
Keywords:
Psychosis Emerging adulthood Mentally ill parent Children of mentally ill parents Narrative thematic analysis
Spyridon Roussinos
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-9552
Efstathios Papastathopoulos
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2983-4327
Abstract

According to the literature, the effects of parental mental illness on children and families are strong and long-lasting. The aim of this research is to investigate the narratives of individuals in the emerging adulthood about the experiences of childrearing with parents diagnosed by the spectrum of psychoses. The sample consists of 18 participants, 11 women and 8 men, 18 to 25 years old, with one or both parents on the psychosis spectrum, the data collection was carried out using semi-structured interviews, and the data was analyzed on the basis of narrative thematic analysis. The analysis of the narratives revealed five major themes. The theme "as if I have two lives", which includes the dimensions of the psychological and psychiatric problems of the emerging adults themselves, the difficulties of fulfilling academic obligations, the difficulties in the wider sociability, and the experience of adversity in the present. The second theme concerns the emotional impact of emerging adults from the experience of parental mental illness, the third theme includes the relationship with the affected parent in the present and assuming the role of caregiver, the fourth theme concerns about partner relationships, and the fifth theme the perspective of the self in the future, fears, dreams and desires. In conclusion, the experience of parental mental illness according to the participants' narratives has multiple effects, positive and negative, on emerging adulthood.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abraham, K., & Stein C. (2010). Staying Connected: Young Adults' felt obligation toward parents with and without mental illness. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018973
Adams, S., Knopf D., & Park M. (2014). Prevalence and treatment of mental health and substance use problems in the early emerging adult years in the United States: Findings from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Emerging Adulthood, 2, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813513563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813513563
Aldridge, J., & Becker, S. (2003). Children caring for parents with mental illness: Perspectives of young carers,parents and professionals (First edition). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847425676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847425676
Ali, L., Ahlström, B. H., Krevers, B., & Skärsäter, I. (2012). Daily life for young adults who care for a person with mental illness: a qualitative study. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 19(7), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01829.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01829.x
Αρβανίτη, Α., Σπυροπούλου Α., & Ζέρβας Ι. (2012). Γονεϊκή ικανότητα μητέρων με σχιζοφρένεια. ΨΥΧΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ, 23(4), 314-321.
Arnett, J. (2015). Emerging Adulthood. The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929382.001.0001
Avraam, G., Samakouri, M., Tzikos, A., & Arvaniti, A. (2022). High Expressed Emotion and Warmth among Families of Patients with Schizophrenia in Greece. Healthcare, 10, 1957. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101957
Baik, S. Y., & Bowers, B. J. (2006). Living with a mother with chronic depression: to tell or not to tell? Internet Journal of Mental Health, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5580/18be DOI: https://doi.org/10.5580/18be
Bee, P., Berzins, K., Calam, R., Pryjmachuk, S., & Abel, K. M. (2013). Defining quality of life in the children of parents with severe mental illness: A preliminary stakeholder-led model. PLoS One, 8(9), Article e73739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073739
Bibou-Nakou, I. (2003a). “Troubles Talk” Among Professionals Working with Families Facing Parental Mental Illness. Journal of Family Studies, 9(2), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.9.2.248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.9.2.248
Bibou-Nakou, I. (2003b). Parental Mental Health/Illness and Children's Well-Being: Implications for the Educational Services. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 5(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2003.9721891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2003.9721891
Bibou-Nakou, I. (2004). Helping Teachers to Help Children Living with a Mentally Ill. Parent Teachers’ Perceptions on Identification and Policy Issues. School Psychology International, 25(1), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034304041502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034304041502
Blake-Holmes, Κ. (2019). Young adult carers: making choices and managing relationships with a parent with a mental illness. Advances in Mental Health, 18(3), 230-240 https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1636691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2019.1636691
Brummelhuis, I., Kop W., & Videler A. (2022). Psychological and physical wellbeing in adults who grew up with a mentally ill parent: A systematic mixed-studies review. General Hospital Psychiatry: Psychiatry, Medicine and Primary Care, 79, 162-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.09.006
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Words. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674029019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674029019
Bruner, J. (2002). Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life. Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
Campbell, C., & Patrick P. (2023). Adult children with mentall illness: family stigma and coping on sense of self. Child & Family Social Work, 28(3), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12989
Chen, Y. C. (2014). Exploration of the short-term and long-term effects of parental illness on children's educational and behavioral functioning using a large Taiwanese sample. Western journal of nursing research, 36(5), 664–684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945913509899 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945913509899
Clemens, V., Berthold, O., Witt, A., Sachser C., Brähler E., Plener P. L., Strauß, B., & Fegert J. M.(2020). Lifespan risks of growing up in a family with mental illness or substance abuse. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 15453. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72064-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72064-w
Cogan, N. A., Riddell, S., & Mayes, G. (2005). The understandings and experiences of children affected by parental mental health problems: A qualitative study. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2, 47-66.
Cooklin, A. (2013). Promoting children’s resilience to parental mental illness: Engaging the child’s thinking. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 19(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.111.009050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.111.009050
Crossley, M. (2000). Introducing narrative psychology. Self, trauma and the construction of meaning. Open University Press.
Dam, K., & Hall, E. (2016). Navigating in an unpredictable daily life: a metasynthesis on children’s experiences living with a parent with severe mental illness. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(3), 442-457 https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12285
Dam, K., & Hall, E. O. (2020). Childhood experiences pursue adulthood for better and worse: a qualitative study of adults' experiences after growing up with a severely mentally ill parent in a small-scale society. Journal of research in nursing, 25(6-7), 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120942272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120942272
Davidsen, K. A., Munk‐Laursen, T., Foli‐Andersen, P., Ranning, A., Harder, S., Nordentoft, M., & Thorup, A. A. E. (2022). Mental and pediatric disorders among children 0–6 years of parents with severe mental illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(3), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13358
Dean, K., Green, M. J., Laurens, K. R., Kariuki, M., Tzoumakis, S., Sprague, T., Lenroot, R., & Carr, V. J. (2018). The impact of parental mental illness across the full diagnostic spectrum on externalising and internalising vulnerabilities in young offspring. Psychological medicine, 48(13), 2257–2263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003786
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2018). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. Sage Publications.
Duncan, G., & Browning, J. (2009). Adult attachment in children raised by parents with schizophrenia. Journal of Adult Development, 16(2), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9054-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9054-2
Dobener, L. M., Fahrer, J., Purtscheller, D., Bauer, A., Paul, J. L., & Christiansen, H. (2022). How Do Children of Parents With Mental Illness Experience Stigma? A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 813519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.813519
Earthy, S., & Cronin, A. (2008). Narrative Analysis. In N. Gilbert (ed), Researching Social Life. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications Ltd.
Economou, M., Peppou, L. E., Louki, E., & Stefanis, C. N. (2012). Medical students' beliefs and attitudes towards schizophrenia before and after undergraduate psychiatric training in Greece. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 66(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02282.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02282.x
Elliott, J. (2005). Using Narrative in Social Research. Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020246
Ensminger, M., Hanson, S, Riley, A., & Juon, H. (2003). Maternal psychological distress: Adult sons' and daughters' mental health and educational attainment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1108-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000070261.24125.F8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000070261.24125.F8
Fjone, H. H., Ytterhus, B., & Almvik A. (2009). How children with parents suffering from mental health distress search for ‘normality’ and avoid stigma: to be or not to be . . . is not the question. Childhood, 16, 461–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568209343743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568209343743
Foster, K. (2010). ‘You’d think this roller coaster was never going to stop’: Experiences of adult children of parents with serious mental illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 3143–3151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03293.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03293.x
Foster, K., O’Brien L, & Korhonen T. (2012). Developing resilient children and families when parents have mental illness: a family-focused approach. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 21, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00754.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2011.00754.x
Fudge, E., & Mason, P. (2004). Consulting with young people about service guidelines relating to parental mental illness. Australian E-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.2.50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.2.50
Gladstone, B., Boydell K., Seeman M., & McKeever P. (2011). Children’s experiences of parental mental illness, a literature review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5, 271-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00287.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00287.x
Holloway, I., & Freshwater D., (2007). Narrative Research in Nursing. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444316513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444316513
Homlong, L., Rosvold, E.O., Sagatun, Å., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Haavet, O. R. (2015). Living with mentally ill parents during adolescence: a risk factor for future welfare dependence? A longitudinal, population-based study. BMC public health, 15(1), 413. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1734-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1734-1
Jayakrishnan, K., Shalini, & Savitha, P. (2015). A correlative Study to Assess the Self Esteem and Psychological Well Being among Adult Children of Mentally Ill Parents in Kasturba Hospital, Manipal of Udupi district. International Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 3(1), 87-90.
Kadish, Y. (2015). Five women’s recollections and reflections on being raised by a mother with psychosis. South African Journal of Psychology, 45(4), 480–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246315581565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246315581565
Källquist, A., & Salzmann-Erikson, M. (2019). Experiences of Having a Parent with Serious Mental Illness: An Interpretive Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Literature. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 2056-2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01438-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01438-0
Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., DE Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., DE Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Kawakami, N., Karam, A., Levinson, D., Medina Mora, M. E., Oakley Browne, M. A., Posada-Villa, J., Stein, D. J., Adley Tsang, C. H., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., … Ustün, T. B. (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 6(3), 168–176.
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Hwang, I. H., Puac-Polanco, V., Sampson, N. A., Ziobrowski, H. N., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2021). Changes in Prevalence of Mental Illness Among US Adults During Compared with Before the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 45, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2021.11.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2021.11.013
Koutra, K., Economou, M., Triliva, S., Roumeliotaki, T., Lionis, C., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2014). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the Family Questionnaire for assessing expressed emotion. Comprehensive psychiatry, 55(4), 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.02.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.02.017
Knutsson – Medin, L., Edlund B., & Ramklint M. (2007). Experiences in a group of grown-up children of mentally ill parents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14, 744–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01181.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01181.x
Leahy, M. A. (2015). Children of mentally ill parents: Understanding the effects of childhood trauma as it pertains to the school setting. International Journal of Educational Research, 71, 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2015.04.005
Lloyd, C. B. (2005). Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11174 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e310642005-001
Long, C., & Eagle, G. (2009). Ethics in tension: dilemmas for clinician conducting sensitive research. Psycho-analytic psychotherapy in South Africa, 17(2), 27-52.
Loudon, E. (2021). Family experiences of parental mental illness in Northern Ireland. A social phenomenological study. [Doctor of Philosophy, School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work Queen’s University Belfast].https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/260153938Family_experiences_of_Parental_Mental_Illness_in_Northern_Ireland_A_social_phenomenological_study_.pdf (qub.ac.uk).
Manning, C., & Gregoire, A. (2006). Effects of parental mental illness on children. Psychiatry, 5(1), 10-12. https://doi.org/10.1383/psyt.2006.5.1.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1383/psyt.2006.5.1.10
Marçal, K. (2020). Caregiver depression and child behaviour problems: A longitudinal mixed effects approach. Child & Family Social Work, 26(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12786
Marston, N., Stavnes, K., Van Loon, L. M. A., Drost L. M., Maybery, D., Mosek, A., Nicholson, J., Solantaus, T., & Reupert, A. (2016). A content analysis of Intervention Key Elements and Assessments (IKEA): What's in the black box in the interventions directed to families where a parent has a mental illness? Child & Youth Services, 37(2), 112-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2016.1104041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2016.1104041
Maunu, A., & Stein, C. S. (2010). Coping with the personal loss of having a parent with mental illness: young adults’ narrative accounts of spiritual struggle and strength. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(5), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20385
Maybery, D., Ling, L., Szakacs, E., & Reupert A. (2005). Children of a parent with a mental illness: perspectives on need. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.2.78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.2.78
Maybery, D., & Reupert, A. (2009). Parental mental illness: A review of barriers and issues for working with families and children. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(9), 784-791.
Maybery, D., & Reupert, A.E. (2018). The number of parents who are patients attending adult psychiatric services. Current Option in Psychiatry, 31(4), 358–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000427 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000427
McCann, T. V., Bamberg, J., & Mccann, F. (2015). Family carers’ experience of caring for an older parent with severe and persistent mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 24(3), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12135
Mechling, B. M. (2011). The experiences of youth serving as caregivers for mentally ill parents: a background review of the literature. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 49(3), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20110201-01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20110201-01
Metz, D., & Jungbauer J. (2021). “My Scars Remain Forever”: A Qualitative Study on Biographical Developments in Adult Children of Parents with Mental Illness. Clinical Social Work Journal, 49(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00722-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00722-2
Mok, P., Pedersen, C., Springate, D., Astrup, A., Kapur, N., Antonsen, S., Mors, O., & Webb, R. (2016). Parental psychiatric disease and risks of attempted suicide and violent criminal offending in offspring: population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(10). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1728
Mordoch, E, & Hall, W.A. (2008). Children’s perceptions of living with a parent with a mental illness: finding the rhythm and maintaining the frame. Qualitative Health Research, 18, 1127–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308320775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308320775
Mordoch, E. (2010). How children understand parental mental illness: ‘You don’t get life insurance. What’s life insurance?’ Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 19, 19–25.
Mouzas, O. D., Angelopoulos, N.V., & Liakos A. (2008). Public opinions about mental illness in a Greek area: The influence of socio-demographic factors. PSYCHIATRIKI, 19 (4),337-349.
Μπίμπου–Νάκου, Ι., & Στογιαννίδου Α. (2004). Εμπειρίες παραμέλησης / κακοποίησης σε οικογένειες με γονική ψυχική διαταραχή. Ψυχολογία, 11(2), 162-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.24001
Murphy, G., Peters K., Jackson D., & Wilkes L. (2011). A qualitative meta-synthesis of adult children of parents with a mental illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 3430–3442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03651.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03651.x
Murphy, G., Peters, K., Wilkes, L., & Jackson, D. (2015a). Adult children of parents with mental illness: navigating stigma. Child & Family Social Work, 36, 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12246
Murphy, G., Peters, K., Wilkes, L., & Jackson, D. (2015b). Childhood parental mental illness: living with fear and mistrust. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(4), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.971385 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.971385
Murphy, G., Peters, K., Wilkes, L. M., & Jackson, D. (2016). Adult children of parents with mental illness: losing oneself. who am I? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(9), 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.1178359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2016.1178359
Murphy, G., Peters, K., Wilkes, L., & Jackson, D. (2018). Adult children of parents with mental illness: Dehumanization of a parent - 'She wasn't the wreck in those years that she was to become later'. International journal of mental health nursing, 27(3), 1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12409 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12409
Nilsson, S., Gustafsson, L., & Nolbris, M. J. (2015). Young adults’ childhood experiences of support when living with a parent with a mental illness. Journal of Child Health Care, 19(4), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493513519296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493513519296
O’Connell, K. L. (2008). What can we learn? Adult outcomes in children of seriously mentally ill mothers. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 21(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00136.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00136.x
Östman, M. (2008). Interviews with children of persons with a severe mental illness – Investigating their everyday situation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 354–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480801960065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480801960065
Oyserman, D., Bybee D., & Mowbray C. (2002). Influences of maternal mental illness on psychological outcomes for adolescent children. Journal of Adolescence, 25(6), 587–602. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0506
Padgett, D. (2017) Qualitative methods in social work research. 3rd edn. Sage.
Padilla -Walker, L., & Nelson, L. (2017). Flourishing in emerging adulthood. Positive development during the third decade of life. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.001.0001
Patrick, P., Reupert, A., & McLean, L. (2019). “We Are More than Our Parents’ Mental Illness”: Narratives from Adult Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050839 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050839
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th edition). Sage Publications.
Petrowski, C. E., & Stein, C. H. (2016). Young women’s accounts of caregiving, family relationships, and personal growth when mother has mental illness. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2873–2884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0441-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0441-6
Polkinghorne, D. E. (2007). Validity Issues in narrative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(4), 471-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406297670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406297670
Racine, Ν., McArthur B.A., Cooke J. E., Eirich R., Zhu J., & Madigan S. (2021). Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1142-1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482
Ranning, A., Munk Laursen, T., Thorup, A., Hjorthøj, C., & Nordentoft, M. (2015). Serious mental illness and disrupted caregiving for children: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 76(8), 1006–1014. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08931 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08931
Reupert, A., Maybery, D., Nicholson, J., Gopfert, M., & Seeman, M. V. (Eds.) (2015). Parental Psychiatric Disorder: Distressed Parents and their Families. (3rd ed.) Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107707559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107707559
Reupert, A., Maybery, D., Bartholomew, C., Cuff, R., Foster, K., Matar, J., & Pettenuzzo, L. (2020). The acceptability and effectiveness of an online intervention for youth with parents with a mental illness and/or substance use issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.309
Riebschleger, J., Grové, C., Cavanaugh, D., & Costello, S. (2017). Mental Health Literacy Content for Children of Parents with a Mental Illness: Thematic Analysis of a Literature Review. Brain sciences, 7(11), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7110141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7110141
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage Publications.
Rubin, H., & Rubin I. (2005). Qualitative interviewing, the art of hearing Data, (2nd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226651
Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings and policy implications. In J.P. Shonkoff & S.J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood interventions (pp. 651-684). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529320.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529320.030
Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 205-209.
Sapouna, V., Dafermos, V., Vivilaki, V., Chatziarsenis, M., Aivaliotis, I., Bitsios, P., & Lionis, C. (2015). Exploring the burden of the family caregivers of patients with major mental disorders in Greece. Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, International Edition, 29, 25-35.
Savvidou, I., Bozikas, V., Hatzigeleki, S. & Karavatos, A. (2003). Narratives about their children by mothers hospitalized on a psychiatric unit. Family Process, 42(3), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00391.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00391.x
Shukla, N., Wilson E., & Boddy J. (2014). Combining thematic and narrative analysis of qualitative interviews to understand children’s spatialities in Andhra Pradesh, India. Working Paper. National Centre for Research Methods, Southampton. Combining thematic and narrative analysis of qualitative interviews to understand children’s spatialities in Andhra Pradesh, India | Janet Boddy - Academia.edu
Schlüter-Müller, S. (2020). Children of Mentally Ill Parents - A High Risk Population. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(3), 346-348.
Sell, M., Barkmann, C., Adema, B., Daubmann, A., Kilian, R., Stiawa, M., Busmann, M., Winter, S. M., Lambert, M., Wegscheider, K., & Wiegand-Grefe, S. (2021). Associations of family functioning and social support with psychopathology in children of mentally ill parents: multilevel analyses from different rating perspectives. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 705400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705400
Somers, V. (2007). Schizophrenia: the impact of parental illness on children. The British Journal of Social Work, 37, 1319-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl083
Stolper, H., van Doesum, K., & Steketee, M. (2021). How to Support Parents of Infants and Young Children in Mental Health Care: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 745800. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745800
Spiegelhoff, S. F., & Ahia, C. E. (2011). Impact of Parental Severe Mental Illness: Ethical and Clinical Issues for Counselors. The Family Journal, 19(4), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480711419942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480711419942
Tabak, I., Zabłocka-Zytka, L., Ryan, P., Poma, S. Z., Joronen, K., Viganò, G., Simpson, W., Paavilainen, E., Scherbaum, N., Smith, M., & Dawson, I. (2016). Needs, expectations and consequences for children growing up in a family where the parent has a mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 25(4), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12194
Tapias, E., Coromina, M., Grases, N., & Ochoa, S. (2021). Psychological treatments with children of parents with mental illness: a systematic review. Child Youth Care Forum, 50, 1107–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09608-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09608-2
Trondsen, M. V. (2012). Living with a mentally ill parent: exploring adolescents’ experiences and perspectives. Qual Health Res, 22, 174–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311420736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311420736
Τσιώλης, Γ. (2014). Μέθοδοι και τεχνικές ανάλυσης στην ποιοτική κοινωνική έρευνα. Κριτική.
Tzouvara, V., Papadopoulos, C., & Randhawa, G. (2016). Systematic review of the prevalence of mental illness stigma within the Greek culture. The International journal of social psychiatry, 62(3), 292–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016629699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016629699
Van der Werf, H. M., Luttik, M. L. A., Francke, A. L., Roodbol P. F., & Paans W. (2019). Students growing up with a chronically ill family member; a survey on experienced consequences, background characteristics, and risk factors. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1486. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7834-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7834-6
Van Parys, H., Smith J.A., & Rober P. (2014). Growing up with a mother with depression: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Qualitative Report, 19(15), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1245
Van Parys, H., Bonnewyn, A., Hooghe, A., De Mol, J., & Rober, P. (2015). Toward understanding the child’s experience in the process of parentification: young adults’ reflections on growing up with a depressed parent. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(4), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12087
Van Santvoort, F., Hosman, C. M. H., van Doesum, K. T. M., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2014). Effectiveness of preventive support groups for children of mentally ill or addicted parents: A randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(6), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0476-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0476-9
Wood, D., Crapnell, T., Lau, L., Bennett, A., Lotstein, D., Ferris, M., & Kuo, A. (2017). Emerging Adulthood as a Critical Stage in the Life Course. In N. Halfon (Eds.) et. al., Handbook of Life Course Health Development. (pp. 123–143). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_7
Yamamoto, R., & Keogh, B. (2018). Children’s experiences of living with a parent with mental illness: a systematic review of qualitative studies using thematic analysis. Journal of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 25(2), 131–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12415
Zhou, T., Chen, W., Liu, X., Wu, T., Wen, L., Yang, X., Hou, Z., Chen, B., Zhang, T., Zhang, C., Xie, C., Zhou, X., Wang, L., Hua, J., Tang, Q., Zhao, M., Hong, X., Liu, W., Du, … ,Yu, X. (2021). Children of parents with mental illness in the COVID-19pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in China. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 64, 102801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102801