Self-presentation strategies of Instagram female users: A postmodern feminist analysis

Manuscript (ελληνικά)
Published: Nov 4, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.37721
Keywords:
female self-presentation, Instagram, women's identity, post-feminism, postmodernism
Aikaterina Akritidou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5706-9751
Stavros Megaris
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8322-6305
Eugenie Georgaca
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-2534
Abstract

Instagram is a popular contemporary means of self-presentation and self-disclosure for women, with both positive and negative effects on their self-identification. This study explores how young female Instagram users' identity is constructed through the analysis of their self-presentation management strategies. 16 semi-structured interviews with active female Instagram users were conducted using the visual method of photo-elicitation and analyzed using thematic analysis. Drawing upon postmodern feminist theories, four main themes emerged: the woman in Instagram, posting photos as a means of self-presentation, as a means of interaction with others, and as a means of constructing female identity. The participants seem to value the experience of their digital self-presentation as an enjoyable process that they willingly engage in while projecting an image permeated by the social imperatives for femininity; this is in line with cultural practices of post-feminism.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.

Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Apodaca, J. (2017). True-self and the uses and gratifications of Instagram among college-aged females (Publication No. 2936) [Master's thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas]. UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/10985741
Baker, N., Ferszt, G., & Breines, J. G. (2019). A qualitative study exploring female college students' Instagram use and body image. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(4), 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0420
Baker, S. A., & Walsh, M. J. (2018). ‘Good morning Fitfam’: Top posts, hashtags and gender display on Instagram. New Media & Society, 20(12), 4553-4570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818777514
Βαρέλη, Χ. (2021, Ιούλιος 3). Για την έκσταση της επικοινωνίας και τη σαγήνη των μέσων ενημέρωσης στον Jean Baudrillard. Ετερολογίες, 2, 115-117. https://eterologies.com/2021/07/03/baudrillard/
Barnard, S. R. (2016). Spectacles of self (ie) empowerment? Networked individualism and the logic of the (post) feminist selfie. In L. Robinson, J. Schulz, S. R. Cotton, T. M. Hale, A. A. Williams & J. L. Hightower (Eds.), Communication and information technologies annual (pp. 63-88). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020160000011014
Bartky, S. L. (2009). Foucault, femininity, and the modernization of patriarchal power. In R. Weitz (Ed.), The politics of women’s bodies: Sexuality, appearance, and behavior (pp. 92-111). Oxford University Press.
Baudrillard, J. (1984). Γοητεία. (Γ. Εμίρης, Μετ). Θεωρία.
Baudrillard, J. (2019). Ομοιώματα και Προσομοίωση. (Σ. Ρέγκας, Μετ.). Πλέθρον.
Baumeister R. F., & Hutton, D. G. (1987). Self- presentation theory: Self-construction and audience pleasing. In B. Mullen, & G.R. Goethals (Eds.) Theories of group behavior (pp. 71-87) Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_4
Berger, J. (2008). Ways of seeing. Penguin Books
Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Sage Annual Reviews of Communication Research (Vol. III). Sage.
Borges-Rey, E. (2015). News images on Instagram: The paradox of authenticity in hyperreal photo reportage. Digital Journalism, 3(4), 571-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1034526
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern‐based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360
Brunskill, D. (2013). Social media, social avatars and the psyche: Is Facebook good for us? Australasian Psychiatry, 21(6), 527-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856213509
Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A. C. (2013). ‘The presentation of self in the online world’: Goffman and the study of online identities. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551512470051
Burns, A. (2015). Selfies| self (ie)-discipline: Social regulation as enacted through the discussion of photographic practice. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1716-1733.
Burrow, A. L., & Rainone, N. (2017). How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005
Butkowski, C. P., Dixon, T. L., & Weeks, K. (2019). Body surveillance on Instagram: Examining the role of selfie feedback investment in young adult women’s body image concerns. Sex Roles, 81, 385-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0993-6
Butkowski, C. P., Dixon, T. L., Weeks, K. R., & Smith, M. A. (2020). Quantifying the feminine self (ie): Gender display and social media feedback in young women’s Instagram selfies. New Media & Society, 22(5), 817-837. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448198716
Butler, J. (2009). Αναταραχή φύλου (Θ. Γ. Καράμπελας, Μετ). Αλεξάνδρεια.
Butler, J. (2020). Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. In C. McCann, S. K. Kim & E. Ergun (Eds), Feminist theory reader (5th ed., pp. 353-361). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003001201
Caldeira, S. P., De Ridder, S., & Van Bauwel, S. (2018). Exploring the politics of gender representation on Instagram: Self-representations of femininity. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 5(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.11116/digest.5.1.2
Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N. & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9
Camacho-Miñano, M. J., MacIsaac, S., & Rich, E. (2019). Postfeminist biopedagogies of Instagram: Young women learning about bodies, health and fitness. Sport, Education and Society, 24(6), 651-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1613975
Cambre, M. C., & Lavrence, C. (2019). How else would you take a photo? #Selfieambivalence. Cultural Sociology, 13(4), 503-524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975519855502
Chandler, L., & Livingston, D. (2016). Reframing the authentic: photography, mobile technologies, and the visual language of digital imperfection. In M. Heitkemper-Yates & K. Kaczmarczyk (Eds.), Learning to see: The meanings, modes, and methods of visual literacy (pp. 227-245). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848883024_019
Christanti, M. F., Mardani, P. B., Cahyani, I. P., & Sembada, W. Y. (2021). “Instagramable”: Simulation, simulacra and hyperreality on Instagram post. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 1(4), 394-401. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v1i4.59
Chua, T. H. H., & Chang, L. (2016). Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011
Cooper, T. W. (2022). Instagram, authenticity, affect. In The digital evangelicals: Contesting authority and authenticity after the new media turn (pp. 147–170). Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2hvfjwz
Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E. (2013). Emerging in a digital world: A decade review of media use, effects, and gratifications in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479782
Cwynar-Horta, J. C. (2016). Documenting femininity: Body-positivity and female empowerment on Instagram [Master’s Thesis, York University]. YorkSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10315/32785
Davis, K. (2012). Tensions of identity in a networked era: Young people’s perspectives on the risks and rewards of online self-expression. New Media & Society, 14(4), 634-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811422430
Davis, S. E. (2018). Objectification, sexualization, and misrepresentation: Social media and the college experience. Social Media & Society, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118786727
Del Carmen Tomás-Jiménez, M., Sánchez-Holgado, P., & Rodríguez-Benito, M. E. (2022, October 19-21). The censorship of nudes on Instagram: The female and male body and its sexualization. In F. J. García-Peñalvo & A. García-Holgado, A. (Eds.), Proceedings TEEM 2022: Tenth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality [Conference presentation] TEEM 2022. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. Salamanca, Spain. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0942-1_82
Dixey, R. (2018). An exploratory analysis of young women's experience of photo sharing on social media and its role in body image [Doctoral dissertation, University of London]. City Research Online. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/20105/
Duffy, B. E., & Hund, E. (2019). Gendered visibility on social media: Navigating Instagram’s authenticity bind. International Journal of Communication, 13, 4983–5002. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11729
Dumas, T. M., Maxwell-Smith, M., Davis, J. P., & Giulietti, P. A. (2017). Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like-seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.037
Dworkin, A. (1993). Prostitution and male supremacy. Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, 1(1), 1-12.
Elias, A. S., & Gill, R. (2018). Beauty surveillance: The digital self-monitoring cultures of neoliberalism. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417705604
Farrell, C. (2023). Teenage girls’ experiences on social media: A discursive exploration of institutional power and identity formation. [Doctoral Thesis, Charles Sturt University]. Charles Sturt University. https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/
Fauziah, F. (2018). Use of online shop in instagram in women's consumptive behavior in Jakarta. Majalah Ilmiah Bijak, 15(2), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.31334/bijak.v15i2.200
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977. Pantheon Books.
Foucault, M. (2011). Επιτήρηση και τιμωρία. (Τ. Μπέτζελος, Μετ.). Πλέθρον.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108
Frith, H., & Harcourt, D. (2007). Using photographs to capture women's experiences of chemotherapy: Reflecting on the method. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1340-1350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307308949
Ιωσηφίδης, Θ. (2019). Ποιοτικές μέθοδοι έρευνας και επιστημολογία των κοινωνικών επιστημών. Τζιόλας.
Gangwani, S., Alruwaili, N., & Safar, S. A. (2021). Social media usage and female empowerment in Saudi Arabia. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1-8.
Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. Basic Books.
Ghaffari, S. (2020). Discourses of celebrities on Instagram: Digital femininity, self-representation and hate speech. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2020.1839923
Gill, R. (2007). Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494070758
Gill, R. (2009). Mediated intimacy and postfeminism: A discourse analytic examination of sex and relationships advice in a women’s magazine. Discourse & Communication, 3(4), 345-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481309343870
Gill, R. (2016). Postfeminism and the new cultural life of feminism. Diffractions, (6), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.34632/diffractions.2016.521
Gill, R. (2019). Surveillance is a feminist issue. In: T. Oren, & A. Press (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of contemporary feminism. (pp. 148-161). Routledge.
Gill, R., & Scharff, C. (2013). New femininities: Postfeminism, neoliberalism and subjectivity. Palgrave Macmillan.
Glaw, X., Inder, K., Kable, A., & Hazelton, M. (2017). Visual methodologies in qualitative research: Autophotography and photo elicitation applied to mental health research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917748215
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City.
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Grogan, S., Rothery, L., Cole, J., & Hall, M. (2018). Posting selfies and body image in young adult women: The selfie paradox. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 7(1), 15-36.
Grosser, B. (2014). What do metrics want? How quantification prescribes social interaction on Facebook. Computational Culture: A Journal of Software Studies, (4).
Gündüz, U. (2017). The effect of social media on identity construction. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(5), https://doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0026
Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345
Harris, E., & Bardey, A. C. (2019). Do Instagram profiles accurately portray personality? An investigation into idealized online self-presentation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00871
Hassanzadeh, M. (2018). Women empowerment: A study of media and its role in empowerment of Afghan women. Indian Journal of Science Technology, 11(23), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i23/120774
Hogsnes, M., & Hansen, K. S. (2018, July 18-20). Towards an understanding of how Norwegian social influencers negotiate consumerism and feminism on Instagram. [Poster Presentation]. The 9th International Conference on Social Media & Society. SMSociety 2018, Frederiksberg, Denmark. https://research.cbs.dk/en/
Hogg, M. A., & Vaughan, G. M. (2010). Κοινωνική ψυχολογία (5th ed.). (Α. Χαντζή, Επ.). Gutenberg.
Holla, S., & Kuipers, G. (2015). Aesthetic capital. In L. Hanquinet & M. Savage (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of the sociology of art and culture (pp. 290-303). Routledge.
Hong, S., Jahng, M. R., Lee, N., & Wise, K. R. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159
Horan, A. L. (2016). Picture this! Objectification versus empowerment in women's photos on social media. [Honor’s Thesis, Bridgewater State University]. Virtual Commons. https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/155
Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014). What we Instagram: A first analysis of Instagram photo content and user types. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 8(1), 595-598. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14578
Huang, X., & Vitak, J. (2022). " Finsta gets all my bad pictures": Instagram users' self-presentation across finsta and rinsta accounts. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3512916
Isler, N. (2015). " This is me": a look at user self-presentation on Facebook: navigating tensions in the online world of identity creation. [Doctoral dissertation, Massey University]. Massey University. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/
Jackson, S., & Westrupp, E. (2010). Sex, postfeminist popular culture and the pre-teen girl. Sexualities, 13(3), 357-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460709363135
Jairath, J., & Daima, R. (2021). Role of pop culture in popularizing gender-bending fashion and ideals of beauty and makeup. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 1(3), 1637-1649.
Jun, S. H. (2022). Why do people post photos on Instagram? Sustainability, 14(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912648
Kadeswaran, S., Brindha, D., & Jayaseelan, R. (2020). Social media as a gateway for accelerating women’s empowerment. Parishodh Journal, 9(3), 4876-4885. http://ir.psgcas.ac.in/id/eprint/131
Kahn, L. R. (2020). Instagram and the male gaze: How male viewership affects the content women post and view [Doctoral dissertation, Kalamazoo College]. CACHE Digital Archive. https://cache.kzoo.edu/handle/10920/39043
Kanai, A. (2017). Girlfriendship and sameness: Affective belonging in a digital intimate public. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1281108
Καρανάτσιου, Β. (2021). Υπερπραγματικότητα, αναπαράσταση και νόημα στην ψηφιακή εποχή [Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία, Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών]. Πέργαμος Ιδρυματικό Αποθετήριο.
http://www.pss.pspa.uoa.gr/fileadmin/pss.pspa.uoa.gr/uploads/NEW/2020-21/
Kite, J., Foley, B. C., Grunseit, A. C., & Freeman, B. (2016). Please like me: Facebook and public health communication. PloS One, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162765
Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls. Media Psychology, 21(1), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392
Knight-McCord, J., Cleary, D., Grant, N., Herron, A., Lacey, T., Livingston, T., & Emanuel, R. (2016). What social media sites do college students use most. Journal of Undergraduate Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2(21), 21-26.
Kuntsman, A. (2017). Introduction: Whose selfie citizenship?. In A. Kuntsman (Ed.). Selfie citizenship. (pp. 13-18). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45270-8_2
Lamp, S. J., Cugle, A., Silverman, A. L., Tené Thomas, M., Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2019). Picture perfect: The relationship between selfie behaviors, self-objectification, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles, 81, 704–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01025-z
Lavrence, C., & Cambre, C. (2020). “Do I look like my selfie?”: Filters and the digital-forensic gaze. Social Media & Society, 6(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120955182
Lee, J. A., Sudarshan, S., Sussman, K. L., Bright, L. F., & Eastin, M. S. (2022). Why are consumers following social media influencers on Instagram? Exploration of consumers’ motives for following influencers and the role of materialism. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 78-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1964226
Leybold, M., & Nadegger, M. (2023). Overcoming communicative separation for stigma reconstruction: How pole dancers fight content moderation on Instagram. Organization, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084221145635
Lilleker, D.G. (2019). The power of visual political communication: Pictorial politics through the lens of communication psychology. In A. Veneti, D. Jackson & D.G. Lilleker (Eds.), Visual Political Communication (pp. 37-51). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18729-3_3
Lindell, A. K. (2017). Consistently showing your best side? Intra-individual consistency in #selfie pose orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(246). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00246
Litt, E., & Hargittai, E. (2016). The imagined audience on social network sites. Social Media & Society, 2(1). https://doi .org/10.1177/2056305116633482
Makarim, N. H., Dimyati, D., & Kurniullah, A. Z. (2020). The use of Instagram account in constructing the concept of beauty: A case on “UNPAD GEULIS”. Aspiration Journal, 1(1), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.56353/aspiration.v1i1.1
Mandal, A. K. (2022). A study on impact of social media on women empowerment in India. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 8(2), 168-170. http://eprajournals.net/index.php/IJMR/article/view/147
Manovich, L. (2017). Instagram and contemporary image. http://manovich.net/index.php/projects/instagram-and-contemporary-image
Mahoney, C. (2022). Is this what a feminist looks like? Curating the feminist self in the neoliberal visual economy of Instagram. Feminist Media Studies, 22(3), 519-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1810732
Mascheroni, G., Vincent, J., & Jimenez, E. (2015). “Girls are addicted to likes so they post semi-naked selfies”: Peer mediation, normativity and the construction of identity online. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2015-1-5
Matschke, L. L. M. (2021). To see and be seen: Self-(re)presentation and the construction of female empowerment on Instagram [Master's thesis, University of Oslo]. Duo Research Archieve. http://hdl.handle.net/10852/87707
McCabe, M. P., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Ridge, D. (2006). “Who thinks I need a perfect body?” Perceptions and internal dialogue among adolescents about their bodies. Sex Roles, 55, 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9093-0
McGill, M. (2022). “Do I really look like that?”: Unpacking discourses of control and discursive and visual dissonances in young women’s selfie-practices. Feminist Media Studies, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2022.2150671
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill.
McRobbie, A. (2015). Notes on the perfect: Competitive femininity in neoliberal times. Australian Feminist Studies, 30(83), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2015.1011485
Menon, D. (2022). Uses and gratifications of photo sharing on Instagram. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102917
Metcalfe, S. N., & Llewellyn, A. (2020). “It’s just the thing you do”: Physical and digital fields, and the flow of capital for young people’s gendered identity negotiation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 35(1), 84-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558419883359
Mills, J. S., Musto, S., Williams, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2018). “Selfie” harm: Effects on mood and body image in young women. Body Image, 27, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.007
Muirhead, A. (1946). A Jeremy Bentham Collection. The Library, 5(1), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s5-I.1.6
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
Narayana, A., & Ahamad, T. (2016). Role of media in accelerating women empowerment. International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, 1(1), 16-19.
Niu, G., Sun, L., Liu, Q., Chai, H., Sun, X., & Zhou, Z. (2020). Selfie-posting and young adult women’s restrained eating: The role of commentary on appearance and self-objectification. Sex Roles, 82, 232-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01045-9
Oliver, K. (2017). The male gaze is more relevant, and more dangerous, than ever. New Review of Film and Television Studies, 15(4), 451-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400309.2017.1377937
O’Shea, L. (2020). Diet culture and Instagram: A feminist exploration of perceptions and experiences among young women in the Midwest of Ireland. Dearcadh: Graduate Journal of Gender, Globalisation and Rights, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13025/64p6-3p21
Pounders, K., Kowalczyk, C. M., & Stowers, K. (2016). Insight into the motivation of selfie postings: Impression management and self-esteem. European Journal of Marketing, 50(9/10), 1879-1892.
Riquelme, H.E., Rios, R. and Al-Thufery, N. (2018), "Instagram: Its influence to psychologically empower women". Information Technology & People, 31(6), 1113-1134. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-03-2017-0079
Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A. M., Hastall, M. R., Köcher, S., Meske, C., Heinrich, T., Labrenz, F., & Ocklenburg, S. (2019). “Likes” as social rewards: Their role in online social comparison and decisions to like other people's selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.017
Ross, S. (2019). Being real on fake Instagram: Likes, images, and media ideologies of value. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 29(3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12224
Saele, O. O., Saether, I. K., & Viig, N. G. (2021). The ideal body: A social construct? Reflections on body pressure and body ideal among students in upper secondary school. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.727502
Σαματάς, Μ. Μ. (2002, Νοέμβριος 8-10). Για μια κοινωνιολογία των παρακολουθήσεων: Από τον γενικευμένο πανοπτισμό σε ενα κίνημα αντί-πανοπτισμού [Πρακτικά συνεδρίου]. 2ο Συνέδριο Κοινωνιολογίας «Κοινωνιολογία: Μάθημα Ελευθερίας», Θεσσαλονίκη, Ελλάδα. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319077538_GIA_MIA_KOINONIOLOGIA_TON_PARAKOLOUTHESEON_Apo_ton_genikeumeno_Panoptismo_s'ena_kinema_anti-panoptismou_-For_a_Sociology_of_Surveillance_From_Panopticism_to_a_movemet_against_it
Sánchez-Hernández, M. D., Herrera, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2021). Does the number of likes affect adolescents’ emotions? The moderating role of social comparison and feedback-seeking on Instagram. The Journal of Psychology, 156(3), 200-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.2024120
Scharff, C. (2016). Gender and neoliberalism: Young women as ideal neoliberal subjects. In S. Springer, K. Birch, & J. MacLeavy (Eds.), Handbook of neoliberalism (pp. 217-226). Routledge.
Schultze, U. (2014). Performing embodied identity in virtual worlds. European Journal of Information Systems, 23(1), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2012.52
Scissors, L., Burke, M., & Wengrovitz, S. (2016). What's in a Like? Attitudes and behaviors around receiving likes on Facebook. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing (pp. 1501-1510). https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820066
Sebastian, M. (2019). Instagram and gendered surveillance: Ways of seeing the hashtag. Surveillance & Society, 17(1/2), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12938
Seibel, B. (2019). Insta-identity: The construction of identity through Instagram an extended literature review [Honors Thesis, Portland State University]. PDXScholar. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.764
Serafinelli, E. (2018). Digital life on Instagram: New social communication of photography. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-495-420181010
Setiawan, A. R. (2020). Commodification of the sexuality in Kim Kardashian’s Instagram posts. [Thesis, Λlobatniɔ Research Society]. Thesis Commons. https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/mf7nw
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059
Siddiqui, A. (2021). Social media and its role in amplifying a certain idea of beauty. Infotheca, 21(1), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.18485/infotheca.2021.21.1.4
Siibak, A. (2009). Constructing the self through the photo selection - Visual impression management on social networking websites. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 3(1), 1-10. https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4218
Slutsky, S. E. (2020). The platformization of beauty on Instagram. [Honor’s Thesis, Cornell University]. eCommons. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/70193
Sokolova, K., Kefi, H., & Dutot, V. (2022). Beyond the shallows of physical attractiveness: Perfection and objectifying gaze on Instagram. International Journal of Information Management, 67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102546
Steeves, V., & Bailey, J. (2016). Living in the mirror: Understanding young women's experiences with online social networking. Ottawa Faculty of Law Working Paper, 2016-06. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2714706
Strano, M. M. (2008). User descriptions and interpretations of self-presentation through Facebook profile images. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 2(2), https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4212
Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. C. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole.
Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2019). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’ images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183-2199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888720
Turner, S. L., Hamilton, H., Jacobs, M., Angood, L. M., & Dwyer, D. H. (1997). The influence of fashion magazines on the body image satisfaction of college women: An exploratory analysis. Adolescence, 32(127), 603-614.
Tyer, S. (2016). Instagram: What makes you post?. Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research, 4(1), 29-39. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/pjcr/vol4/iss1/14
Van Dijck, J. (2013). ‘You have one identity’: Performing the self on Facebook and LinkedIn. Media, Culture & Society, 35(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443712468605
Vaast, E. (2007). Playing with masks: Fragmentation and continuity in the presentation of self in an occupational online forum. Information Technology & People, 20(4), 334-351.
Vendemia, M. A., & DeAndrea, D. C. (2018). The effects of viewing thin, sexualized selfies on Instagram: Investigating the role of image source and awareness of photo editing practices. Body Image, 27, 118-127. Vendemia, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.013
Verrastro, V., Liga, F., Cuzzocrea, F., & Gugliandolo, M. C. (2020). Fear the Instagram: Beauty stereotypes, body image and Instagram use in a sample of male and female adolescents. Qwerty-Open and Interdisciplinary Journal of Technology, Culture and Education, 15(1), 31-49.
Vukčević, A. (2020). The phenomena of the 21st century image: Instagram iconography as an extension of the dominant ideological order. AM Časopis za studije umetnosti i medija, 23, 159-167.
Walker Rettberg, J. (2014). Seeing ourselves through technology: How we use selfies, blogs and wearable devices to see and shape ourselves. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137476661.0001
Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813-1831. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481770734
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124328700100200
Whitty, M. T. (2008). Revealing the ‘real’ me, searching for the ‘actual’ you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(4), 1707-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002
Willig, C. (2015). Ποιοτικές μέθοδοι έρευνας στην ψυχολογία: Εισαγωγή (Ε. Τσέλιου, Επ.) Gutenberg.
Winch, A. (2015). Brand intimacy, female friendship and digital surveillance networks. New Formations, 84, 228-245. https://doi.org/10.3898/NewF:84/85.11.2015
Winter, S., & Krämer, N. C. (2008). The relationship of self-esteem, extraversion, self-efficacy, and self-presentation within social networking sites. Journal of Media Psychology, 20(3), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.20.3.106
Most read articles by the same author(s)