Ατομικισμός – Συλλογικότητα και σχολικός εκφοβισμός

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Δημοσιευμένα: Οκτ 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23262
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Σχολικός εκφοβισμός Πολιτισμικές αξίες (ατομικισμός –συλλογικότητα)
Στέλιος Γεωργίου
Κυριακή Φουσιανή
Περίληψη

Η σχέση των επεισοδίων σχολικού εκφοβισμού με τον προσανατολισμό πολιτισμικών αξιών που επικρατεί σε μια συγκεκριμένη κοινωνία, αποτελεί μέρος μιας μεγάλης συζήτησης στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία τα τελευταία χρόνια. Τα Μέσα Μαζικής Ενημέρωσης (ΜΜΕ) σε δυτικού τύπου κοινωνίες, όπου κυριαρχούν οι ατομικιστικές αξίες, προβάλλουν συχνά τις συλλογικές κοινωνίες ως σκληρές και ανάλγητες προς τις ατομικές ελευθερίες και ανάγκες. Ως εκ τούτου, υποβάλλουν ότι φαινόμενα όπως αυτό του σχολικού εκφοβισμού θα είναι πιο συχνά και πιο έντονα σε κοινωνίες όπου το άτομο υποτάσσεται στις πιέσεις και τις παροτρύνσεις της ομάδας. Κάποιες πρόσφατες σχετικές έρευνες υποστηρίζουν την πιο πάνω γραμμή σκέψης και την αποδίδουν στο αυταρχικό γονικό στιλ που προτιμάται στις κοινωνίες αυτές. Αντίθετα, κάποιες άλλες έρευνες αναφέρουν ότι η αξία της συλλογικότητας προστατεύει τα άτομα από την καταφυγή σε βίαιες πράξεις κατά αδυνάτων (όπως συμβαίνει με τον εκφοβισμό). Μια σημαντική διάκριση, που φαίνεται ότι είναι το κλειδί για επίλυση της πιο πάνω διαφοράς, είναι η απόσταση δύναμης (power distance) που αναφέρεται στον τρόπο που η εξουσία και η δύναμη κατανέμονται μεταξύ ατόμων στα δυο είδη κοινωνιών. Τόσο ο ατομικιστικός, όσο και ο συλλογικός προσανατολισμός πολιτισμικών αξιών έχουν οριζόντια και κάθετη απόσταση δύναμης. Το πρώτο είδος αυτής της απόστασης δύναμης προάγει την ισότητα και τη συνεργασία των ατόμων, ενώ το δεύτερο την ιεραρχία και την υποταγή. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει τη σχέση που υπάρχει μεταξύ των πιο πάνω μεταβλητών, παραθέτοντας ευρήματα σύγχρονων εμπειρικών ερευνών.

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