Ατομικισμός – Συλλογικότητα και σχολικός εκφοβισμός

PDF
Δημοσιευμένα: Oct 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23262
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
Σχολικός εκφοβισμός Πολιτισμικές αξίες (ατομικισμός –συλλογικότητα)
Στέλιος Γεωργίου
Κυριακή Φουσιανή
Περίληψη

Η σχέση των επεισοδίων σχολικού εκφοβισμού με τον προσανατολισμό πολιτισμικών αξιών που επικρατεί σε μια συγκεκριμένη κοινωνία, αποτελεί μέρος μιας μεγάλης συζήτησης στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία τα τελευταία χρόνια. Τα Μέσα Μαζικής Ενημέρωσης (ΜΜΕ) σε δυτικού τύπου κοινωνίες, όπου κυριαρχούν οι ατομικιστικές αξίες, προβάλλουν συχνά τις συλλογικές κοινωνίες ως σκληρές και ανάλγητες προς τις ατομικές ελευθερίες και ανάγκες. Ως εκ τούτου, υποβάλλουν ότι φαινόμενα όπως αυτό του σχολικού εκφοβισμού θα είναι πιο συχνά και πιο έντονα σε κοινωνίες όπου το άτομο υποτάσσεται στις πιέσεις και τις παροτρύνσεις της ομάδας. Κάποιες πρόσφατες σχετικές έρευνες υποστηρίζουν την πιο πάνω γραμμή σκέψης και την αποδίδουν στο αυταρχικό γονικό στιλ που προτιμάται στις κοινωνίες αυτές. Αντίθετα, κάποιες άλλες έρευνες αναφέρουν ότι η αξία της συλλογικότητας προστατεύει τα άτομα από την καταφυγή σε βίαιες πράξεις κατά αδυνάτων (όπως συμβαίνει με τον εκφοβισμό). Μια σημαντική διάκριση, που φαίνεται ότι είναι το κλειδί για επίλυση της πιο πάνω διαφοράς, είναι η απόσταση δύναμης (power distance) που αναφέρεται στον τρόπο που η εξουσία και η δύναμη κατανέμονται μεταξύ ατόμων στα δυο είδη κοινωνιών. Τόσο ο ατομικιστικός, όσο και ο συλλογικός προσανατολισμός πολιτισμικών αξιών έχουν οριζόντια και κάθετη απόσταση δύναμης. Το πρώτο είδος αυτής της απόστασης δύναμης προάγει την ισότητα και τη συνεργασία των ατόμων, ενώ το δεύτερο την ιεραρχία και την υποταγή. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει τη σχέση που υπάρχει μεταξύ των πιο πάνω μεταβλητών, παραθέτοντας ευρήματα σύγχρονων εμπειρικών ερευνών.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • ΕΙΔΙΚΟ ΑΦΙΕΡΩΜΑ
Creative Commons License

Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Το περιοδικό ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΙΑ έχει υιοθετήσει μία πολιτική Platinum open-access. Τα έξοδα υποβολής, επεξεργασίας ή δημοσίευσης των εργασιών καλύπτονται από την Ελληνική Ψυχολογική Εταιρεία. Τα πνευματικά δικαιώματα των δημοσιευμένων εργασιών προστατεύονται από την άδεια 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International'. Οι Συγγραφείς διατηρούν τα Πνευματικά Δικαιώματα και χορηγούν στο περιοδικό το δικαίωμα της πρώτης δημοσίευσης. Η άδεια αυτή επιτρέπει σε τρίτους, να χρησιμοποιούν την εργασία σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή, με την προϋπόθεση της διατήρησης των διατυπώσεων που προβλέπονται στην άδεια σχετικά με την αναφορά στον αρχικό δημιουργό και την αρχική δημοσίευση στο περιοδικό ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΙΑ. Επιπλέον, κάθε διανομή της εργασίας οφείλει να γίνεται με τους ίδιους όρους διανομής, δηλαδή με την ίδια άδεια Creative Commons.

Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
atlas, R. S., & Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of
bullying in the classroom. The Journal of Educational
Research, 92, 86-97.
Baldry, a. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Bullies and
Delinquents: Personal Characteristics and
Parental Styles. Journal of Community & Applied
Social Psychology, 10, 17-31.
Bergeron, N., & Schneider, B.h. (2005). explaining
cross-national differences in peer-directed aggression:
a quantitative synthesis. Aggressive Behavior,
, 116-137.
Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton,
G. (2001). Does Bullying Cause emotional Problems?
a Prospective Study of Young Teenagers.
British Medical Journal, 323, 480-484.
Bornstein, M. h. & Cheah, C. S. L. (2006). The place of
“culture and parenting” in an ecological contextual
perspective on developmental science. in K. h.
Rubin & O. B. Chung, (eds.). Parental beliefs, parenting,
and child development in cross-cultural
perspective. London, UK: Psychology Press.
u Στέλιος Ν. Γεωργίου και Κυριακή Φουσιάνη
Bowers, L., Smith, P.K., & Binney, V. (1992). Cohesion
and power in the families of children involved in
bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Family
Therapy, 14, 371-387.
Carlson, V. J., & harwood, R. L. (2003). attachment,
culture, and the care-giving system: The cultural
patterning of everyday experiences among anglo
and Puerto Rican mother-infant pairs. Infant Mental
Health Journal, 24, 53-73.
Chao, R. K. (2001). extending research on the consequences
of parenting style for Chinese americans
and european americans. Child Development, 72,
-1843.
Chen, C. C., Meindl, J. R., & hunt, R. G. (1997). Testing
the effects of vertical and horizontal collectivism:
a study of reward allocation preferences in China.
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 44-70.
Charalambous, N. (2006). Cyprus. in J.Georgas,
J.W.Berry, F.J.Van de Vijver, C.Kagitcibasi, &
Y.h.Poortinga (eds.), Families Across Cultures. A
-National Psychological Study. (pp.303-310).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, X., & French, D. C. (2008). Children’s social
competence in cultural context. in S. T. Fiske, a.
e. Kazdin & D. L. Schacter, (eds.). Annual Review
of Psychology, 59, 591-616. Palo alto: annual Reviews.
Craig, W.M. (1998). The relationship among bullying,
victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression
in elementary school children. Personality and Individual
Differences, 24, 123-130.
Craig, W.M., & Pepler, D. (2007). Understanding bullying:
From research to practice. Canadian Psychology,
, 86-93.
Dornbusch, S., Ritter, P., Leiderman, P.h., Roberts, D.,
& Fraleigh, M. (1987). The relation of parenting
style to adolescent school performance. Child Development,
, 1244-1257.
eagly, a. h., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes
stem from the distribution of women and
men into social roles. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. (2000). examining
the social environment of middle school
students who bully. Journal of Counseling and Development,
, 326-333.
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing
bullying. in M.Tonny and N. Morris (eds).
Crime and Justice, Vol 17, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Fiske, a. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality:
Framework for a unified theory of social relations.
Psychological review, 99, 689-723.
Georgiou, St. (2008α). Bullying and victimization at
school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational
Psychology, 78, 109-125.
Georgiou, St. (2008β). Parental style and child bullying
and victimization experiences at school. Social
Psychology of Education, 11, 213-227.
Georgiou, St., & Fanti, K. a. (2010). a transactional
model of bullying and victimization. Social Psychology
of Education,13, 295- 311.
Georgiou, St. & Stavrinides, P. (2013). Parenting at
home and bullying at school. Social Psychology of
Education, 16(2), 165-179.
Georgiou, St., Fousiani, K., Michaelides, M., &
Stavrinides, P. (2013). Cultural value orientation
and authoritarian parenting as parameters of bullying
and victimization at school. International
Journal of Psychology, 48, 69-78.
Georgiou, St., Stavrinides, P., & Fousiani, K. (2013).
authoritarian parenting, power distance, and bullying
propensity. International Journal of School
and Educational Psychology, 1, 199-206.
Gruber, J. e., & Fineran, S. (2007). The impact of bullying
and sexual harassment on middle and high
school girls. Violence against Women, 13, 627-
Grusec, J. e., Rudy, D., & Martini, T. (1997). Parenting
cognitions and child outcomes: an overview and
implications for children’s internalization of values.
in J. e. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (eds.). Parenting
and children’s internalization of values: A handbook
of contemporary theory (pp. 259-282). New
York: Wiley.
hagan, J., & McCarthy, B. (1997). Mean streets: Youth
crime and homelessness. Cambridge: Cambridge
University press.
han, G., & Shin, S. (2000). a cultural profile of Korean
society. Korean Social Science Journal, 27, 69-
harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (1992). Parental ethnotheories
in action. in i. Sigel, a. V. McGillicuddy-
DeLisi, & J. Goodnow (eds.), Parental belief
systems: The psychological consequences for
children (2nd ed., pp. 373-392). hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence erlbaum associates.
hawker, D., & Boulton, M. (2000). Twenty years’ research
on peer victimization and psychosocial
maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-
Ατομικισμός – Συλλογικότητα και σχολικός εκφοβισμός u 85
sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology &
Psychiatry and Applied Disciplines, 41, 441-455.
heaven, P. C., Newbury, K., & Mak, a. (2004). The impact
of adolescent and parent characteristics of
adolescent levels of delinquency and depression.
Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 173-
hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international
differences in work-related values. Beverly
hills, Ca: Sage.
hussein, M. h. (2009). The peer interaction in primary
school questionnaire: Testing for measurement
equivalence and latent mean differences in bullying
between gender in egypt, Saudi arabia and
the USa. Social Psychology of Education, 13(1),
-76.
Kaufmann, D., Gesten, e., Santa Lucia, R. C., Salsedo,
O., Gobioff, G. R., & Gadd, R. (2000). The relationship
between parenting style and children’s
adjustment: the parents’ perspective. Journal of
Child and Family Studies, 9 (2), 231-245.
Ka
across cultures: a view from the other side. Mahwah,
NJ: erlbaum.
Kaltiala-heino, R., Rimpelä, M., Rantanen, P., Rimpelä,
a. (2000). Bullying at school - an indicator of adolescents
at risk for mental disorders. Journal of
Adolescence, 23, 661-674.
Kerr, M., & Stattin, h. (2003). Parenting of adolescents:
action or reaction? Chapter 9 in a. C.
Crouter & a. Booth (eds.), Children’s in
family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships
(pp. 121-151). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
erlbaum associates.
Keshavrz, S., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Parenting style
in collectivist culture of Malaysia. European Journal
of Social Sciences. 10(1),66.
Kim, e. (2005). Korean american parental control: acceptance
or rejection? Ethos, 33, 347-366.
Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L. D., &
Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence
and adjustment among adolescents from
authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful
families. Child Development, 62, 1049-
Le, T.N., & Stockdale, G. (2005). individualism, collectivism,
and delinquency in asian american adolescents.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent
Psychology, 34, 681-691.
Mart
styles and adolescents’ self-esteem in Brazil.
Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745.
McBride-Chang, C. & Chang, L. (1998). adolescent–
parent relations in hong Kong: Parenting styles,
emotional autonomy,and school achievement.
The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159, 421-436.
Miller, J.M., Diiorio, C., & Dudley, W. (2002). Parenting
style and adolescent’s reaction to conflict: is there
a relationship? Journal of Adolescent Health,
(6), 463-468.
Millon, T. (2006). Biography. Retrieved april 6, 2008
from http://www.millon.net/content/tm_bio.htm.
Naito, T., & Gielen, U. P. (2005). Bullying and ijime in
Japanese Schools. in F. L. Denmark, h. h.
Krauss, R. W. Wesner, e. Midlarsky, & U. P. Gielen
(eds.), Violence in schools: Cross-national and
cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 169-190). New
York: Springer.
Nesdale, D., & Naito, M. (2005). individualism-collectivism
and the attitudes to school bullying of
Japanese and australian students. Journal of
Cross Cultural Psychology, 36(5), 537-556.
Olweus, D. (1994). annotation: Bullying at School: Basic
Facts and effects of a School Based intervention
Program. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 35, 1171-1190.
Peterson, J. S., & Ray, K. e. (2006). Bullying and the
gifted: Victims, perpetrators, prevalence, and effects.
Gifted Child Quarterly, 50, 148-168.
Scheithauer, h., hayer, T., Petermann, F., & Jugert, G.
(2006). Physical, verbal, and relational forms of
bullying among German students: age trends,
gender differences, and correlates. Aggressive
Behavior, 32, 261-275.
Quoss, B., & Zhao, W. (1995). Parenting styles and
children’s satisfaction with parenting in China and
the United States. Journal of Comparative Family
Studies, 26, 265-280.
Rican, P., Klicperova, M., & Koucka, T. (1993). Families
of bullies and their victims: a children’s view.
Studia Psychologica, 35, 261-266.
Rigby, K. (1993). School children’s perceptions of their
families and parents as a function of peer relations.
Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 501-
Rigby, K. (2002). New perspective on bullying. London:
Jessica Kingsley.
Rudy, D., & Grusec, J.e. (2006). authoritarian parenting
in individualist and collectivist groups: associations
with maternal emotion and cognition and
children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology,
, 68-78.
Schwartz, C., Barican, J., Waddell, C., harrison, e.,
Nightingale, L., & Gray-Grant, D. (2008). addressing
bullying behaviour in children. Children’s Mental
Health Research Quarterly, 2(4), 1-20. Vancouver,
BC: Children’s health Policy Centre, Faculty
of health Sciences, Simon Fraser University.
Seals, D., & Young, J., (2003). Bullying and victimization:
Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade
level, ethnicity, self-esteem and depression. Adolescence,
, (152), 735-747.
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, h. C., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand,
M. J. (1995). horizontal and vertical dimensions of
individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and
Measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research,
, 240-275.
Smith, P. K. (2000). Bullying and harassment in
schools and the rights of children. Children and
Society, 14, 294-303.
Smith, P.B., & Bond, M. h. (1999). Social psychology
across cultures. Massachusetts: allyn and Bacon.
Spence, J. T., & helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity &
femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates,
& antecedents. austin: University of Texas
Press.
Spera, C. (2005). a review of relationships among parenting
practices, parenting styles and adolescent
school achievement. Educational Psychology Review,
(2), 125-146.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N.S., Lamborn, S.D., & Dornbusch,
S.M. (1991). authoritative parenting and
adolescent adjustment across varied ecological
niches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1,
-36.
Strage, a., & Swanson, T. (1999). authoritative parenting
and college students’ academic adjustment
and success. Journal of Educational Psychology,
, 146-156.
Strohmeier, D., Toda, Y., Lampert, a. & Spiel, C. (2007,
august). Disentangling culture from context: Exploring
the impact of collectivistic versus individualistic
orientations on aggressive behaviour in
Japanese and Austrian pupils. Paper presented at
the symposium “aggressive Behaviour in individualistic
and Collectivistic Cultures” at the Xiiith european
Conference on Developmental Psychology
(eCDP), Jena, Germany, august 21-25, 2007.
Super, C. M., & harkness, S. (2002). Culture Structures
the environment for Development. Human
Development 45, 270-274.
Triandis, h. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism.
San Francisco, Ca: Westview Press.
Triandis, h. C. (2001). individualism-collectivism and
personality. Journal of Personality, 69 (6), 907-24.
Triandis, h. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging
measurements of horizontal and vertical individualism
and collectivism. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 74 (1), 118-128.
Triandis, h. C., Leung, K., Villareal, M., & Clack, F. L.
(1985). allocentric vs. idiocentric tendencies:
convergent and discriminant validation. Journal of
Research in Personality, 13, 395-415.
Triandis, h. C., McCusker, C., & hui, C. h. (1990). Multimethod
probes of individualism and collectivism.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59,
-1020.
Triandis, h. C., & Suh, e. M. (2002). Cultural influences
on personality. Annual Review of Psychology,
, 133-160.
Wang, Q., & Leichtman, M.D. (2000). Same beginnings,
different stories: a comparison of american
and Chinese children’s narratives. Child Development,
, 1329-1346.
Τα περισσότερο διαβασμένα άρθρα του ίδιου συγγραφέα(s)