Νέοι που βρίσκονται εκτός Εκπαίδευσης, Απασχόλησης και Κατάρτισης (NEETs): Όψεις και διαστάσεις μιας σύγχρονης μορφής ευπαθούς κοινωνικής ομάδας


cover
Δημοσιευμένα: Dec 18, 2023
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
NEETs ευπαθείς κοινωνικές ομάδες νεανικές μεταβάσεις παράγοντες κινδύνου πολιτικές
Λαμπρινή Παππά
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8974-9818
Θανάσης Καραλής
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-8812
Περίληψη

Ο όρος NEETs (youth Not in Education, Employment or Training) αναφέρεται στις νέες και τους νέους, ηλικίας 15 έως 29 ετών, που βρίσκονται εκτός εκπαίδευσης, απασχόλησης και κατάρτισης. Ως φαινόμενο εντοπίζεται παγκοσμίως, με τα ποσοστά στη χώρα μας να καταγράφονται διαχρονικά ως τα υψηλότερα σε επίπεδο Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Τα αίτια, εξαιτίας των οποίων κάποιος νέος μπορεί να υπαχθεί σε αυτή την κατηγορία, είναι πολυπαραγοντικά. Σε αυτό το άρθρο παρουσιάζεται η εξέλιξη καθιέρωσης του όρου NEETs και αναπτύσσονται οι διαστάσεις αυτού του σύγχρονου κοινωνικού φαινομένου. Ακολούθως, εξετάζονται οι προκλήσεις των νεανικών μεταβατικών περιόδων καθώς και οι παράγοντες κινδύνου για τους νέους να καταστούν NEETs, ενώ μελετούνται ορισμένες από τις επιπτώσεις τόσο από τη μακροχρόνια οικονομική ύφεση όσο και από την εκδήλωση της πανδημίας του COVID-19. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται οι προεκτάσεις αυτού του φαινομένου στη χώρα μας και οι αντίστοιχες ευρωπαϊκές πολιτικές για την αντιμετώπισή του.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Άρθρο
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Ελληνόγλωσσες
Δρακάκη, Μ., Παπαδάκης, Ν., Κυρίδης, Α., & Παπαργύρης, Α. (2013). Το προφίλ του NEET στην Ελλάδα. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης (Επιμ.), Βαρόμετρο Απόντων: οι NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) στην Ελλάδα (σσ. 209–240). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Κοτρόγιαννος, Δ., & Τζαγκαράκης, Σ.Ι. (2016). NEETs και κοινωνικό κράτος. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης, Α. Κυρίδης, & Ν. Φωτόπουλος (Επιμ.), Νέα γενιά και NEETs στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης. Οι επείγουσες διαστάσεις του προβλήματος: Έρευνα και ολοκληρωμένη παρέμβαση (σσ. 81–107). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Κυρίδης, Α. (2013). Διαστάσεις ενός πολυπαραγοντικού δείκτη για την διερεύνηση των NEETs. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης (Επιμ.), Βαρόμετρο Απόντων: οι NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) στην Ελλάδα (σσ. 77–108). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Λάβδας, Κ. (2016). Προτάσεις πολιτικής: Κίνδυνοι, δυνατότητες, περιορισμοί. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης, Α. Κυρίδης, & Ν. Φωτόπουλος (Επιμ.), Νέα γενιά και NEETs στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης. Οι επείγουσες διαστάσεις του προβλήματος: Έρευνα και ολοκληρωμένη παρέμβαση (σσ. 181–200). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Πανδής, Π., & Ζάγκος, Χ. (2013). Κοινωνικά και δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά των NEETs: Το παράδειγμα της Ελλάδας. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης (Επιμ.), Βαρόμετρο Απόντων: οι NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) στην Ελλάδα (σσ. 109–120). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Παπαδάκης, Ν. (2013). Οι NEETs στην Ευρώπη: Συγκλίσεις, αποκλίσεις και οι ερμηνευτικά προσπελάσιμες όψεις του φαινομένου. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης (Επιμ.), Βαρόμετρο Απόντων: οι NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) στην Ελλάδα (σσ. 15–75). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Παπαδάκης, Ν. (2016). Έρευνα και Ολοκληρωμένη Παρέμβαση για τους Neets: Θεωρητικοί προϊδεασμοί, ερευνητικές συνιστώσες και μια επισκόπηση της Έρευνας. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης, Α. Κυρίδης, & Ν. Φωτόπουλος (Επιμ.), Νέα γενιά και NEETs στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης. Οι επείγουσες διαστάσεις του προβλήματος: Έρευνα και ολοκληρωμένη παρέμβαση (σσ. 19–37). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Παπαδάκης, Ν., & Κυρίδης, Α. (2014). Η επίμονη αναπαραγωγή της ανισότητας - Επισημάνσεις για την κοινωνικο-οικονομική προέλευση μιας μείζονος κατηγορίας κοινωνικής ευπάθειας, των NEETs. Στο Α. Κυρίδης (Επιμ.), Ευπαθείς κοινωνικές ομάδες και διά βίου μάθηση (σσ. 90–104). Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Παπαδάκης, Ν., & συνεργάτες (2011). Νέες μορφές κοινωνικής ευπάθειας και προκλήσεις για την κοινωνική πολιτική: οι NEETs (young people Not in Education, Employment or Training). Ινστιτούτο Στρατηγικών και Αναπτυξιακών Μελετών - ΙΣΤΑΜΕ «Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου», 12, 1–16.
Τσιώλης, Γ. (2013). Η κατασκευή των «απασχολήσιμων». Προβληματισμοί με αφορμή μια εμπειρική έρευνα στο πεδίο της συμβουλευτικής για την ένταξη στην απασχόληση. Στο Μ. Σπυριδάκης (Επιμ.), Ανεργία και εργασιακή ανασφάλεια: Όψεις ενός εμμένοντος κινδύνου (σσ. 151–185). Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Φωτόπουλος, Ν. (2013). Το πρόβλημα των Neets και η ελληνική πραγματικότητα. Αναζητώντας λύσεις στην Ελλάδα του Μνημονίου. Στο Ν. Παπαδάκης (Επιμ.), Βαρόμετρο Απόντων: οι NEETs (Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training) στην Ελλάδα (σσ. 241–263). Αθήνα: Ι. Σιδέρης.
Ξενόγλωσσες
Alegre, M.A., Casado, D., Sanz. J., & Todeschini, F. (2015). The impact of training-intensive labour market policies on labour and educational prospects of NEETs: evidence from Catalonia (Spain). Educational Research, 57(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1030852
Arnkil, R. (2015). Lost in transition? Challenges for social inclusion and employment of young people in Europe. In European Commission, Youth work and non-formal learning in Europe’s education landscape: A quarter of a century of EU cooperation for youth policy and practice (pp. 198–212). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Artner, A. (2014). Youth Unemployment and NEETs - Reasons and Treatment in Europe with Special Regard to Hungary. In O. Hishow (Ed.), Labour Market Trends in Bulgaria and the CEE Region - Overview And Perspectives (pp. 119–159). Sofia: Economic Policy Institute.
Balan, M. (2015). Youths Condition in the Labour Market During the Post-Crisis Period. Hyperion Economic Journal, 2(3), 3–13.
Barford, A., Coutts, A., & Sahai, G. (2021). Youth employment in times of COVID: A global review of COVID-19 policy responses to tackle (un)employment and disadvantage among young people. ILO: Geneva. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.89026
Carcillo, S., Fernández, R., Königs, S., & Minea, A. (2015). NEET Youth in the Aftermath of the Crisis: Challenges and Policies. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 164: OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/5js6363503f6-en
CEDEFOP. (2008). Terminology of European education and training policy. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Drakaki, M., Papadakis, N., Kyridis, A., & Papargyris, A. (2014). Who’s The Greek Neet? Neets’ Profile in Greece: Parameters, Trends and Common Characteristics of a Heterogeneous Group. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(6), 240–254.
Eurofound. (2012). Young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurofound. (2015). Social inclusion of young people. Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg.
Eurofound. (2016). Exploring the diversity of NEETs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurofound. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission. (2010). Youth on the move: An initiative to unleash the potential of young people to achieve smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission. (2011). Youth neither in employment nor education and training (NEET): Presentation of data for the 27 Member States. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, EMCO Contribution.
European Commission. (2014). No EAC/17/2012 Study on the effective use of early childhood education and care in preventing early school leaving: Final Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission. (2015). European Social Policy Network (ESPN): Integrated Support for the long-term unemployed in Europe: A study of national policies 2015 (D. Bouget, H. Frazer, & E. Marlier, with R. Peña-Casas, & B. Vanhercke). Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
European Commission. (2017). Employment and Social Developments in Europe: Annual Review 2017. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Commission. (2021). Employment and Social Developments in Europe: Annual Review 2021. Towards a strong social Europe in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis: Reducing disparities and addressing distributional impacts. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion - Directorate F. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Franco, A. (1999). Labor Force Survey Principal Results 1998. Statistics in focus: Population and Social Conditions, Theme 3 - 11/1999. Eurostat. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5227177/CA-NK-99-011-EN.PDF/a5f725cb-c9fb-42dd-817e-f9edadfeca75
Furlong, A. (2006). Not a very NEET solution: representing problematic labour market transitions among early school-leavers. Work, employment and society, 20(3), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017006067001
Gariépy, G., Danna, S.M., Hawke, L., Henderson, J., & Iyer, S.N. (2021). The mental health of young people who are not in education, employment, or training: a systematic review and meta‑analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57, 1107–1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02212-8
Goldman-Mellor, S., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Ajala, N., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H., Hucker, A., Odgers, C., Williams, T., Wong, C., & Moffitt, T. (2016). Committed to work but vulnerable: self-perceptions and mental health in NEET 18-year olds from a contemporary British cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12459
Heinz, W.R. (2009). Youth transitions in an age of uncertainty. In A. Furlong (Ed.), Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood: New perspectives and agendas (pp. 3–13). London and New York: Routledge.
Hutchinson, J., Beck, V., & Hooley, T. (2015). Delivering NEET policy packages? A decade of NEET policy in England. Journal of Education and Work, 29(6), 707–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1051519
International Labour Organization. (1982, October 29). Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment. Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians.
International Labour Organization. (2019). Young people not in employment, education or training [ILO/SIDA Partnership on Employment (technical brief No 3)]. Switzerland: Employment and Labour Market Policies Branch (EmpLAB) - Employment Policy Department.
Inui, A. (2009). NEETs, freeters and flexibility: reflecting precarious situations in the new labour market. In A. Furlong (Ed.), Handbook of Youth and Young Adulthood: New perspectives and agendas (pp. 176–181). London and New York: Routledge.
Kelly, E., & McGuinness, S. (2015). Impact of the Great Recession on unemployed and NEET individuals’ labour market transitions in Ireland. Economic Systems, 39(1), 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2014.06.004
Kiura, T., Bosch, O.J.H., Nguyen, N.C., Yasui, T., & Maeno, T. (2013). Using a systems-based Evolutionary Learning Laboratory to address the "NEET - Not in Employment, Education, or Training" issue in Japan. In 57th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, ISSS 2013: Curating the Conditions for a Thrivable Planet (pp. 671–683). International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS).
Konle-Seidl, R., & Picarella, F. (2021). Youth in Europe: Effects of COVID-19 on their economic and social situation. Publication for the committee on Employment and Social Affairs, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies: European Parliament, Luxembourg.
Maguire, S. (2013). Will raising the participation age in England solve the NEET problem? Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 18(1-2), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2013.755816
Maguire, S. (2015). NEET, unemployed, inactive or unknown - why does it matter? Educational Research, 57(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1030850
Matsaganis, M. (2015). The Youth Guarantee: Theory or reality? In J.J. Donaldo (Ed.), Youth unemployment and the Great Recession in Greece (pp. 77–87). London: Centre for Economic Policy Research - CEPR Press (Co-funded by the Europe for Citizens Programme of the European Union).
Mawn, L., Oliver, E.J., Akhter, N., Bambra, C.L., Torgerson, C., Bridle, C., & Stain, H.J. (2017). Are we failing young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of re-engagement interventions. Systematic Reviews, 6(16), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0394-2
Mendolia, S., & Walker, I. (2014). Do Neets Need Grit? IZA Discussion Paper No. 8740.
Miller, J., McAuliffe, L., Riaz, N., & Deuchar, R. (2015). Exploring youths' perceptions of the hidden practice of youth work in increasing social capital with young people considered NEET in Scotland. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(4), 468–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.992311
Nardi, B., Lucarelli, C., Talamonti, M., Arimatea, E., Fiori, V., & Moltedo-Perfetti, A. (2015). NEETs versus EETs: an observational study in Italy on the framework of the HEALTH25 European project. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 20(4), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2015.1081749
Network of Experts in Social Sciences of Education and training [NESSE]. (2010). Early School Leaving: Lessons from research for policy makers. European Commission.
O’Dea, B., Glozier, N., Purcell, R., et al. (2014). A cross-sectional exploration of the clinical characteristics of disengaged (NEET) young people in primary mental healthcare. BMJ Open, 4(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006378
OECD. (2013a). Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2013-en
OECD. (2013b). Education Indicators in Focus - 2013/04. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/education-indicators-in-focus.htm
OECD. (2016). Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.187/eag-2016-en
OECD. (2019). Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2019-en
OECD. (2021). Education at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b35a14e5-en
Oliver, E.J., Mawn, L., Stain, H.J., Bambra, C.L., Torgerson, C., Oliver, A., & Bridle, C. (2014). Should we ‘hug a hoodie’? Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions with young people not in employment, education or training (so-called NEETs). Systematic Reviews, 3(73). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-3-73
Papadakis, N., Drakaki, M., Kyridis, A., & Papargyris, A. (2017). Between a frightening Present and a disjoined Future. Recession and social vulnerability in the case of Greek Neets: Socio-demographics, facets of the Crisis’ Impact and the revival of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(18) 8–20. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.418.3688
Passey, D. (2011). The ‘Educational Lot’ for Young People Who Are NEET: Quality Management and Roles of Management Information Systems. In A. Tatnall, O.C. Kereteletswe, & A. Visscher (Εds.), Information Technology and Managing Quality Education. ITEM 2010. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (pp. 121–129). Berlin: Springer.
Pastore, F. (2015). The Youth Experience Gap: Explaining National Differences in the School-to-Work Transition. SpringerBriefs in Economics: Springer.
Reiter, H., & Schlimbach, T. (2015). NEET in disguise? Rival narratives in troubled youth transitions. Educational Research, 57(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2015.1030851
Schoon, Ι. (2014). Parental worklessness and the experience of NEET among their offspring. Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 5(2), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v5i2.279
Schoon, I., & Silbereisen, R.K. (2009). Conceptualising School-to-Work Transitions in Context. In I. Schoon & R.K. Silbereisen (eds.), Transition from School to Work: Globalization, Individualization, and Patterns of Diversity (pp. 3–29). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Serracant, P. (2014), A Brute Indicator for a NEET Case: Genesis and Evolution of a Problematic Concept and Results from an Alternative Indicator. Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 401–419. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11205-013-0352-5
Social Exclusion Unit. (1999). Bridging the Gap: New opportunities for 16 - 18 year olds not in education, employment or training. Report presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister.
Tamesberger, D., & Bacher, J. (2014). NEET youth in Austria: a typology including socio-demography, labour market behaviour and permanence. Journal of Youth Studies, 17(9), 1239–1259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.901492
Tamesberger, D., Leitgöb, H., & Bacher, J. (2014). How to Combat NEET? Evidence from Austria. Intereconomics, 49, 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-014-0503-1
United Nations. (2016). Youth Civic Engagement. United Nations Youth Report - Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
William Stoten, D. (2014). NEETs: a case study in addressing the issues relating to disengaged youth in East Cleveland. Education + Training, 56(5), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2013-0055
Yates, S., Harris, A., Sabates, R., & Staff, J. (2011). Early Occupational Aspirations and Fractured Transitions: A Study of Entry into ‘NEET’ Status in the UK. Journal of Social Policy, 40(3), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000656
Yates, S., & Payne, M. (2006). Not so NEET? A Critique of the Use of ‘NEET’ in Setting Targets for Interventions with Young People. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(3), 329–344. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/13676260600805671