Psychopathic personality traits and cyberbullying among adolescents: The moderating role of online disinhibition

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Published: Mar 13, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/dial.43079
Keywords:
cyber-bullying, psychopathic traits, online disinhibition, adolescence, gender differences
Nafsika Antoniadou
Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-2235
Abstract

The rapid integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into adolescents’ daily lives has reshaped social interaction while simultaneously creating new forms of aggression, with cyber-bullying representing the most pervasive and harmful form. Cyber-bullying is defined as intentional, repetitive aggression conducted through digital media, typically involving a perceived power imbalance between the perpetrator and the victim (Smith et al., 2008). Compared to traditional bullying, cyber-bullying is amplified by the characteristics of computer-mediated communication, such as anonymity, asynchronous interaction, and the absence of direct feedback, which facilitate continuous harassment and emotional detachment from the victim’s suffering (Antoniadou et al., 2019; Suler, 2004). A growing body of research highlights the role of individual traits, particularly psychopathic personality characteristics, in explaining aggressive online behaviour (Hudon et al., 2025; Kowalski et al., 2014). Psychopathic traits, typically conceptualized along the dimensions of grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, and impulsive-irresponsible, are characterized by superficial charm, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and emotional detachment (Fanti & Kimonis, 2012; Hare, 2003). These traits have been linked to both traditional and cyber forms of bullying, suggesting that individuals high in psychopathic features may be particularly prone to online aggression due to reduced empathy and moral inhibition. Moreover, the online context itself may amplify the expression of these traits through the online disinhibition effect (Suler, 2004). This phenomenon refers to the loosening of social or moral constraints that typically inhibit antisocial acts, enabled by perceived anonymity, invisibility, and diminished accountability. The combination of dispositional risk factors (psychopathic traits) and situational affordances (online disinhibition) may therefore provide a compelling framework for understanding cyber-bullying perpetration. This study aimed to examine the predictive role of psychopathic personality traits (grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, and impulsive-irresponsible) in adolescents’ engagement in cyber-bullying behaviours, and to explore the moderating effect of online disinhibition on these associations. Additionally, gender was included as a covariate, given consistent findings showing higher involvement of males in aggressive online behaviours. The sample consisted of 1,097 middle school students (558 girls, 531 boys) aged 12-15 years, attending public junior high schools in Central and Eastern Macedonia, Greece. Schools were selected through proportional stratified sampling to represent urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. The research employed a correlational quantitative design based on self-report questionnaires. Psychopathic traits were assessed with the Youth Psychopathic Inventory-Short Version (YPI-S; Van Baardewijk et al., 2010), which includes 18 items measuring grandiose-manipulative, callous-unemotional, and impulsive-irresponsible traits. Online disinhibition was measured through the Internet Behaviours and Attitudes Questionnaire (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000), validated in Greek samples (Αντωνιάδου & Κόκκινος, 2013). Cyber-bullying was assessed with the Cyber-Bullying and Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (CBVEQ˙ Antoniadou et al., 2016). Reliability coefficients were satisfactory.Preliminary analyses indicated that boys reported significantly higher levels of cyber-bullying (M = 1.26) compared to girls (M = 1.14), t(1085) = 5.31, p < .001, and higher scores in grandiose-manipulative and callous-unemotional traits. Correlations among study variables were positive and significant, suggesting that higher psychopathic traits were associated with higher online disinhibition and greater engagement in cyber-bullying.  Moderation analyses were conducted using PROCESS v4.1 (Hayes, 2022). Results revealed significant interaction effects for the grandiose-manipulative and callous-unemotional traits with online disinhibition on cyber-bullying perpetration. Specifically, the relationship between grandiose-manipulative traits and cyber-bullying was stronger at higher levels of online disinhibition (b = .15, SE = .04, p < .001), while a similar pattern emerged for callous-unemotional traits (b = .14, SE = .04, p < .01). Gender was controlled for in all models, showing that boys remained significantly more likely to engage in cyber-bullying (p < .05). No significant moderating effect emerged for impulsive-irresponsible traits. Findings underscore that psychopathic traits, particularly the grandiose-manipulative and callous-unemotional dimensions, constitute key dispositional predictors of cyber-bullying among adolescents. Importantly, these effects were intensified under conditions of high online disinhibition, confirming the moderating influence of digital environments in amplifying antisocial behaviours. The results suggest that prevention and intervention programs should not only address moral reasoning and empathy deficits but also focus on developing adolescents’ digital self-regulation skills and awareness of online accountability.

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