Ο ρόλος της ορθογραφικής γνώσης στην ανάγνωση σε μαθητές/τριες με και χωρίς δυσλεξία


Δημοσιευμένα: May 27, 2026
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
ορθογραφική γνώση ανάγνωση δυσλεξία διαφανής ορθογραφία
Σοφία Γιαζιτζίδου
Σουζάνα Παντελιάδου
Περίληψη

Οι μαθητές με δυσλεξία παρουσιάζουν σημαντικά ελλείμματα στην ορθογραφική γνώση σε σύγκριση με τους συνομηλίκους τους. Αυτά τα ελλείμματα αναδεικνύονται ακόμη πιο κρίσιμα σε διαφανείς ορθογραφίες, όπως τα ελληνικά, όπου οι μαθητές αναπτύσσουν δεξιότητες αποκωδικοποίησης μέσα στους πρώτους μήνες αναγνωστικής διδασκαλίας. Ο στόχος της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν διττός: πρώτον, να διερευνήσει σε ποιο βαθμό η ορθογραφική γνώση διαφέρει μεταξύ των μαθητών με και χωρίς δυσλεξία, και δεύτερον, να διερευνήσει κατά πόσο η ορθογραφική γνώση συμβάλλει στην προφορική και σιωπηρή αναγνωστική ευχέρεια σε μαθητές με και χωρίς δυσλεξία. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 256 ελληνόφωνοι μαθητές/μαθήτριες της Β’ Δημοτικού (105 τυπικοί αναγνώστες και 32 μαθητές σε κίνδυνο για εμφάνιση δυσλεξίας) και της Ε’ Δημοτικού (91 τυπικοί αναγνώστες και 28 μαθητές με δυσλεξία). Οι μαθητές και των δύο τάξεων συμπλήρωσαν τις ίδιες δοκιμασίες αναγνωστικής ευχέρειας λέξεων, αναγνωστικής ευχέρειας ψευδολέξεων, σιωπηρής αναγνωστικής ευχέρειας, λεξικής και υπο-λεξικής ορθογραφικής γνώσης, λεξιλογίου, φωνολογικής επίγνωσης, αυτόματης ταχείας κατονομασίας, μνήμης και μη λεκτικής ικανότητας. Για να απαντηθεί το πρώτο ερευνητικό ερώτημα, πραγματοποιήσαμε μια σειρά ελέγχων t για ανεξάρτητα δείγματα. Για να απαντηθεί το δεύτερο ερώτημα, πραγματοποιήσαμε μια σειρά γραμμικών αναλύσεων παλινδρόμησης, ελέγχοντας για το λεξιλόγιο, τη φωνολογική επίγνωση, την αυτόματη ταχεία κατονομασία, τη βραχυπρόθεσμη μνήμη και τη μη λεκτική ικανότητα. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι μαθητές με δυσλεξία παρουσιάζουν ελλείμματα στη λεξική και υπο-λεξική ορθογραφική γνώση σε σύγκριση με τους συνομηλίκους τους. Επίσης, έδειξαν ότι τόσο η λεξική όσο και η υπο-λεξική ορθογραφική γνώση επιδρούν συγχρονικά στην προφορική και τη σιωπηρή αναγνωστική ευχέρεια, με τη συμβολή να είναι ισχυρότερη στην προφορική ανάγνωση για τους μαθητές με δυσλεξία. Επιπλέον, φάνηκε ότι ο ρόλος της ορθογραφικής γνώσης μεταβάλλεται αναπτυξιακά, με μειωμένη επίδραση στη Β’ τάξη σε σύγκριση με την Ε’ τάξη. Τα ευρήματά μας μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν ευρύτερα στην εκπαιδευτική πράξη, καθώς η ορθογραφική γνώση είναι μια δεξιότητα που μπορεί να διδαχθεί και αυτό να επιφέρει ουσιαστική διαφορά στην αναγνωστική ανάπτυξη. Παρόλο που η ορθογραφική γνώση βρέθηκε να είναι μειωμένη στους μαθητές με δυσλεξία, φαίνεται να αποτελεί έναν ισχυρό μηχανισμό που υποστηρίζει την πρόοδό τους στην ανάγνωση λέξεων.

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