Canine demodicosis


A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ)
M. N. SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Ν. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ)
C. K. KOUTINAS (X.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ)
Abstract

Canine demodicosis, which is caused by the follicular mite Demodex canis, is one of the most common skin diseases, especially in the young dog. Demodicosis can be localized or generalized; in the latter a parasite-specific cellular immunosuppression, which is genetically transmitted, is the cornerstone of its pathogenesis. Alopecia - hypotrichosis, erythema, hyperpigmentation, lichenification, papules, scales and crusts, first appear on the face and front limbs, to spread eventually to the other parts of the body. Superficial or deep staphylococcal pyoderma is a common complication, especially in the generalized form of the disease. Diagnosis will be confirmed by the presence of the mite in high numbers and at various developing stages in the skin scrapings. Treatment is not recommended for the localized form, which is almost always self-limiting. Various ectoparasiticides have been used in the generalized form of the disease, either for topical (amitraz) or systemic application (ivermectin, mylbemycin, moxidectin), with good results. Treatment is terminated when not a single parasite can be found in the skin scrapings on 2-3 consecutive monthly re-examinations. The animal is considered cured if there have not been any relapses one year since the end of the acaricidal treatment.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Review Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Kwochka KW. Demodicosis. In: Current Veterinary Dermatology. The Science and Art of Therapy. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1993. pp. 72 - 84.
Paradis M. Canine demodicosis: New treatment protocols. In: Selected Proceedings from the 1998 North American Veterinary Conference. Bayer, U.S.A., 1998. pp. 70 - 74.
Sischo WM, Ihrke Ρ J, Franti CE. Regional distribution of ten common skin diseases in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1989, 195: 752 - 756.
Nutting WB, Desch CE. Demodex canis: Redescription and réévaluation. Cornell Vet., 1978, 68:139 -149.
Mason K. Demodicosis: current concepts and treatments. Proc 14th Ann. Cong. ESVD - ECVD, 1997. pp. 27 - 29.
Nutting WB. Hair follicle mites (Demodex spp.) of medical and veterinary concern. Cornell Vet., 1976,66: 214 - 231.
Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE. Small Animal Dermatology, 5th edition. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1995.
Gaafar SM, Greeve J. Natural transmission of Demodex canis in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1996,148:1043 -1045.
Folz SD. Demodicosis (Demodex canis). Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet, 1983,5:116 -121.
Sako S, Yamane O. Studies on the canine demodicosis. III. Examination of the oral - internal infection, intrauterine infection, and infection through respiratory tract. Jpn. J. Parasitol.,1962,ll:499-510.
Scott DW, Farrow BRH, Schultz RD. Studies on the therapeutic and immunologic aspects of generalized demodectic mange in the dog. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1974,10: 233-244.
Sako S. Studies on the canine demodicosis. IV. Experimental infection of Demodex folliculorum var. canis to dogs. Trans Tottori Soc Agric Sci., 1964,17: 45 - 59.
Barriga OO, Al - Khalidi NW, Martin S, Wyman M. Evidence of immunosupression by Demodex canis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1992, 32: 37 - 46.
Dodds J. Bleeding disorders: Their importance in everyday practice. Proc. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1977,44:147.
Corbett RB, Banks K, Bell T. Cellular immune responsiveness in dogs with demodectic mange. Transplant. Proc., 1975,7: 557 - 559.
Corbett RB, Perryman LE, Gorham JR, Bell TG. The cell mediated immune response: Its inhibition and in vitro reversal in dogs with demodectic mange. Fed. Proc, 1976,35:589-591.
Lemarie SL, Horohov DW. Evaluation of interleukin – 2 production and interleukin - receptor expression in dogs with generalized demodicosis. Vet. Dermatol., 1996,7: 213 - 219.
Hirsch DC, Baker BB, Wiger N, Yaskulski SG, Osburn BI. Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte transformation by serum from dogs with generalized demodicosis. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1975,35:1591 -1595.
Scott DW, Schultz RD, Baker E. Further studies on the therapeutic and immunologic aspects of generalized demodectic mange in the dog. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1976,12: 203 - 213.
Lemarie SL. Canine demodicosis. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet, 1996,18: 354 - 369.
Havrileck B, Ducos de Lahitte J. Suivi immunitaire individual de chiens demodeciques par intradermoreactions a la phytohemagglutinine. Applicationos au pronostic. Rev.Med.
Vet, 1989,140: 599 - 610.
Hall IA, Campbell KL. Serum immunoglobulins in normal dogs and dogs with skin disease. Proc. AAVD - ACVD, 1993,9:45.
Kwochka KW. Canine demodicosis. In: Current Veterinary Therapy. IX. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986. pp. 531- 537.
Nolte I, Ammelounx U.Untersuchung über das Vorkommen der Demodikose bei alteren hunden. Kleintierpraxis, 1986, 31:267-274.
Carr SH. Geriatrie demodicosis. Canine Pract., 1986,13:27- 28.
Guaguere E. La demodecie du chien adulte. A propos de 22 cas. Prat. Med. Chirurg. Anim. Comp., 1991,26: 411 - 419.
Duclos DD, Jeffers JB, Shanley KJ. Prognosis for treatment of adult - onset demodicosis in dogs. 34 cases (1979 -1990). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1994,204: 616 - 619.
White SD, Ceragioli KL, Bullock LP, Mason GD. Cutaneous markers of canine hyperadrenocorticism. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet, 1989,11: 446 - 464.
Lemarie SL, Hosgood G, Foil CS. A retrospective study of juvenile and adult - onset generalized demodicosis in dogs (1986 -1991). Vet. Dermatol, 1996,7: 3-10.
Scott DW. Update on the treatment of generalized canine demodicosis. Proc 19th Ann. Waltham / OSU Symp. - Dermatology, 1995. pp 77 - 80.
Nayak DC, Tripathy SB, Dey PC, Ray SK, Mohanty DN, Parida GS, Biswal S, Das M. Prevalence of canine demodicosis in Orissa (India). Vet. Parasitol, 1997,73: 347- 352.
Avellini G, Pedini Β. Presence of Demodex folliculorum in dogs without apparent skin lesions. Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Vet, 1970,24:452-454.
Mishra SC, Mohapatra GS. Prevalence of arthropod parasites of cattle, buffaloes and dogs in Orissa: I. lice, ticks, mites and fleas. O.U.A.T. J. Res, 1972,1:168 -172.
Day MJ. An immunohistochemical study of the lesions of demodicosis in the dog. J. Compar. Pathol, 1997,116:203- 216.
Miller WHJr, Wellington JR, Scott DW. Dermatologie disorders of the Chinese Shar-Peis: 58 cases (1981 -1989). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1992,200: 986 -990.
Holm B. Clinical efficacy of milbemycine oxime in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in the dog. A retrospective study of 40 cases (1993 -1995). Proc. 3rd World
Congr. Vet. Dermatol, Book of Abstracts, 1996. pp. 108.
Miller WH. Demodicosis. Proc 12th Ann. Cong. ESVD - ECVD, 1995. pp. 89 - 92.
Kunkle GA. Canine demodicosis. Proc. 3rd World Cong. Vet. Dermatol. Clinical Programe, 1996. pp. 16 -19.
Heripret D. Demodicosis resembling atopic dermatitis in a dog. In: Challenging Cases in Dermatology and Parasitology. A Pfizer symposium held in conjuction with the 24th Cong. W.S.A.V.A., 1999. pp. 17 -19.
Kwochka KW, Kunkle GA, Foil CO. The efficacy of amitraz for generalized demodicosis in dogs: a study of two concentrations and frequencies of application. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 1985,7:8 -18.
Medleau L, Willemse T. Efficacy of daily amitraz on generalized demodicosis in dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract., 1995, 38: 3-6.
Ristic Z, Medleau L, Paradis M, White-Weithers NE. Ivermectin for treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1995,207:1308 -1310.
Medleau L, Ristic Z, McElveen DR. Daily ivermectin for treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs. Vet. Dermatol., 1996,7: 209 - 212.
Miller WH. Treatment of generalized demodicosis. In: Current Veterinary Therapy. XII. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1995. pp. 625 - 628.
Caswell JL, Yager JA, Ferrer L, Weir M. Canine demodicosis: A re-examination of the histopathologic lesions and description of the immunophenotype of infiltrating cells. Vet.
Dermatol., 1995, 6: 9 -19.
Cayatte SM, Scott DW, Miller WH. Perifollicular melanosis in the dog. Vet. Dermatol., 1992, 3:165 -170.
Caswell JL, Yager JA, Parker WM, Moore PF. A prospective study of the immunophenotype and temporal changes in the histologic lesions of canine demodicosis. Vet. Pathol, 1997, 34:279 - 287.
Mundell AG. Demodicosis. In: Saunder's Manual of Small Animal Practice. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1994. pp. 290- 294.
Harvey RG. The management of canine and feline demodicosis. Proc. 42th BSAVA Cong., 1999. pp. 64.
Scott DW. Canine demodicosis. Vet. Clin. North Amer. Small Anim. Pract., 1979,9: 79 - 92.
De Boer DJ. What's new in dermatological therapy. Proc 14th Ann. Cong. ESVD - ECVD, 1997. pp. 87 - 90.
Carlotti DN, Bourdeau P, Guaguere E, Fougeron J, Fontaine J, Fauvel E, Baduel-Martignoni L. Therapy of generalized demodicosis with variable oral doses of milbemycin oxime in 88 dogs. Proc 3rd World Cong. Vet. Dermatol. - Book of Abstracts, 1996. pp. 109.
Miller WH, Scott DW, Cayatte SM, Buerger RG, Bagladi MS. Clinical efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime for treatment of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1995,207:1581 -1584.
Fondati A. Efficacy of daily oral ivermectin in the treatment of 10 cases of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs. Vet. Dermatol., 1996,7: 99 -104.
Scott DW. Canine demodicosis in the 1990s. Proc XXI Congr. WSAVA,1996.pp.52-55.
Grossman MR. Amitraz toxicosis associated with ingestion of an acariside collar in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1993, 203: 55 - 57.
Duncan KL. Treatment of amitraz toxicosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1993,203:1115-1116.
Medleau L, Willemse T. Efficacy of daily amitraz therapy for refractory generalized demodicosis in dogs: two independent studies. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1995,31: 246 - 249.
Muller GH. Amitraz treatment of demodicosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1983,19: 425 - 441.
Knottenbelt MK. Chronic otitis externa due to Demodex canis in a Tibetian spaniel. Vet. Ree, 1994,135: 409.
Scott DW, Walton DK. Experiences with the use of amitraz and ivermectin for the treatment of generalized demodicosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1985,21: 535 - 541.
White SD, Stannard AA. Canine demodicosis. In: Current Veterinary Therapy VIII. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1983. pp. 484 - 487.
McKeever PJ. Demodectic manage - Therapeutic results. Minnesota Vet., 1983,23: 24 - 27.
Cannon RW. Amitraz treatment of canine demodicosis. Mod. Vet. Pract., 1983,64: 899 - 900.
Shirk ME. The efficacy of amitraz in treatment for demodectic manage: A field study. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 1983,78:1059 -1062.
Farmer H, Seawright AA. The use of amitraz in demodicosis in dogs. Austr. Vet. J., 1980,56: 537 - 541.
Gear MR. Ectodex dog wash. A preliminary report. Vet. Dermatol. News, 1981,6: 63 - 68.
Davis DA. The treatment of canine demodicosis with amitraz. J. South Afr. Vet. Assoc, 1985,56: 43 - 46.
Krischke K, Grunbaum EG. Aur amitrazbenhandlung der demodicose des hundes. Kleintierpraxis, 1993,38:811 - 814.
Murthy TVR, Rao R. Amitraz therapy in canine demodicosis. Indian Vet. J., 1992,69:1032 -1033.
Bussieras J, Chermette R. Amitraz and canine demodicosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1986,22: 779 - 782.
Muller GH, Kirk RW, Scott DW. Small Animal Dermatology, 4th edition. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989.
Folz SD, Henke CL, Kakuk TJ. Long - term use of amitraz in treating chronic generalized demodicosis. Mod. Vet. Pract., 1985,66: 241 - 243.
Murphy MJ. Toxin exposures in dogs and cats: Pesticides and biotoxins. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1994,205: 414 - 421.
Beasley VR, Trammel HL. Incidence of poisonings in small animals. In: Current Veterinary Therapy, X. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989. pp. 97 -113.
Paradis M. Ivermectin in small animal dermatology. In: Current Veterinary Therapy. X. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989. pp. 560 - 563.
Barragry TB. A review of the pharmacology and clinical uses of ivermectin. Canad. Vet. J., 1987,28: 512 - 517.
Paradis M, Laperriere E. Efficacy of daily ivermectin treatment in a dog with amitraz - resistant generalized demodicosis. Vet. Dermatol, 1992,3: 85 - 88.
Paradis M, Ristic Ζ. Efficacy of daily ivermectin in dogs with generalized demodicosis. Proc 10th Ann. Cong. ESVD - ECVD, 1993. pp. 59 - 60.
Guaguere E. Efficacy of daily oral ivermectin treatment in 38 dogs with generalized demodicosis: A study of relapse rates. Proc. 3rd World Cong. Vet. Dermatol. - Book of Abstracts, 1996. pp. 134.
Paradis M, Page Ν. Topical (pour-on) ivermectin in the treatment of chronic generalized demodicosis in dogs. Vet. Dermatol., 1998,9: 55 - 59.
Henfrey JI. Canine demodicosis. In Pract, 1990,12:187 -192.
Campbell WC. Ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent. Med. Res. Rev., 1993,13: 61 - 79.
Hadrick MK, Bunch SE, Kornegay JN. Ivermectin toxicosis in two Australian shepherds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1995, 206:1147-1150.
Tranquilli WJ, Paul AJ, Seward RL. Ivermectin plasma concentrations in collies sensitive to ivermectin induced toxicosis. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1989,50: 769 - 770.
Paul AJ, Tranquilli WJ, Seward RL, Todd KS, Di Pietro JA. Clinical observations in collies given ivermectin orally. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1987,48: 684 - 685.
Bennet DG. Clinical pharmacology of ivermectin. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1986,189:100 -104.
Tranquilli WJ, Paul AJ, Seward RL. Response to physostigmine administration in collie dogs exhibiting ivermectin toxicosis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther, 1987,10:96-100.
Medleau L, Ristic Z. Treating chronic refractory demodicosis in dogs. Vet. Med., 1994,89: 775 - 777.
Vaughn DM, Simpson ST, Blagburn BL, Whitmer WL, Heddens-Mysinger R, Hendrix CM. Determination of homovanillic acid, 5 - hydroxyindolacetic acid and pressure in the cerebrospinal fluid of collie dogs following administration of ivermectin. Vet. Res. Comm., 1989,13: 47 - 55.
Miller WH Jr, Scott DW, Wellington JR, Panic R. Clinical efficacy of milbemycine oxime in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1993, 203:1426 -1429.
Garfield RA, Reedy LM. The use of oral milbemycin oxime (Interceptor(r)) in the treatment of chronic generalized demodicosis. Vet. Dermatol, 1992,3: 231 - 235.
Carlotti DN. Therapy of canine generalized demodicosis with milbemycin. Proc. 1st Europ. Cong. CNVSPA - FECAVA, 1994. pp. 147 -149.
Wendelberger U, Wagner R. Moxidectine - An alternative to ivermectin? Proc. 15th Ann. Cong. ESVD - ECVD, 1998. pp. 149 -150.
Bensignor E, Carlotti DN. Moxidectine in the treatment of generalized demodicosis in dogs. A pilot study (8 cases). Proc. 3rd World Cong. Vet. Dermatol. - Book of Abstracts, 1996. pp.87.
Figueiredo C, Viana JA, Guri PB. Clinical evaluation of the effect of vitamin E in the treatment of generalized canine demodicosis. In: Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, Vol 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. pp. 247 - 262.
Gilbert PA, Griffin CE, Rozenkrantz WS. Serum vitamin E levels in dogs with pyoderma and generalized demodicosis. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 1992,28:407 - 410.
Kraiss A, Gothe A. Demodikose thérapie mit Myramyldpeptid (MDP) und amitraz. Kleintierpraxis, 1983,28:425 - 430.
Kraiss A. Zur proliferations fahigkeit von lymphozyten demodikose kronker hunde bei immunzell stimulierender thérapie. Tierarztl. Prax., 1987,15: 63 - 66.
Most read articles by the same author(s)