A short form of Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ-SF): testing its psychometric properties in young adults
Published:
Mar 24, 2021
Keywords:
College students EIPQ Identity formation Self-esteem Short scales
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in short versions of questionnaires for measuring several psychological constructs. Focusing on identity development, in the present study, we extracted and tested the psychometric properties of the EIPQ-SF, a short version of the EIPQ scale for measuring identity according to Marcia’s identity statuses (achieved, foreclosed, moratorium and diffused identity). The data of our study derived from a sample of 210 college students aged 18-25 years. For extracting the EIPQ-SF, we first tested the content of the items of the original EIPQ and then we performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. We evaluated the predictive validity of the EIPQ-SF by comparing the levels of self-esteem among participants with achieved, foreclosed, moratorium and diffused identity. The results of our study indicate that EIPQ-SF has a good factor structure and adequate validity and reliability; therefore, it can be used as a short scale for measuring identity in typical samples of young adults (university students). The advantages, applications as well as the limitations of the EIPQ-SF are thoroughly discussed.
Article Details
- How to Cite
-
Diamantopoulou, G., & Platsidou, M. (2021). A short form of Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ-SF): testing its psychometric properties in young adults. Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society, 26(1), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.26231
- Section
- SPECIAL SECTION
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal PSYCHOLOGY adopts a Platinum open-access policy. Submission, processing or publication costs are waived by the Hellenic Psychological Society. Papers published in the journal PSYCHOLOGY are licensed under a 'Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International' licence. The authors reserve the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right of its first publication. Third-party licensees are allowed to use the published paper immediately after publication as they wish, provided they retain the defined by the license copyright formalities, regarding the reference to its author(s) and its initial publication in the journal PSYCHOLOGY. Moreover, any adjusted work should be shared under the same reuse rights, so with the same CC license.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ackroyd, S., & Hughes, J. (1981). Data collection in context. Longman.
Anthis, K., & La Voie, J. (2006). Readiness to change: A longitudinal study of changes in adult identity. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.12.004
Awang, Z. (2012). Structural equation modeling using AMOS graphic. UiTM Press.
Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1012
Berman, S. L., Yu, Y., Schwartz, S., Teo, G., & Mochizuki, K. (2011). Identity exploration, commitment, and distress: A cross national investigation in China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. Child and Youth Care Forum, 40, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-010-9127-1
Berzonsky, M. D., & Cieciuch, J. (2016). Mediational role of identity commitment in relationships between identity processing style and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9588-2
Γεωργαντή, Α. (2009). Ανάπτυξη της ηθικότητας, διαμόρφωση της ταυτότητας και ανεξαρτητοποίηση από τους γονείς κατά την εφηβεία [Αδημοσίευτη διδακτορική διατριβή]. Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών.
Crocetti, E. (2017). Identity formation in adolescence: The dynamic of forming and consolidating identity commitments. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12226
Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., & Meeus, W. (2008). Capturing the dynamics of identity formation in various ethnic groups: Development and validation of a three-dimensional model. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.002
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.
Fadjukoff, P., Pulkkinen, L., Kokko, K. (2016). Identity formation in adulthood: A longitudinal study from age 27 to 50. Identity, 16, 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1121820
Galanaki, E., & Leontopoulou, S. (2017). Criteria for the transition to adulthood, developmental features of emerging adulthood, and views of the future among Greek studying youth. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 13, 417–440. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1327
Galanaki, E., & Sideridis, G. (2019). Dimensions of emerging adulthood, criteria for adulthood, and identity development in Greek studying youth: A person-centered approach. Emerging Adulthood, 7, 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818777040
Gosling, S. D., & Mason, W. (2015). Internet research in psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 877–902. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015321
Grotevant, H. D., & Adams, G. R. (1984). Development of an objective measure to assess ego identity in adolescence: Validation and replication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13, 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088639
Hardy, S. A., Francis, S. W., Zamboanga, B. L., Kim, S. Y., Anderson, S. G., & Forthun, L. F. (2013). The roles of identity formation and moral identity in college student mental health, health risk behaviors, and psychological well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21913
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Iacobucci, D., & Duhachek, A. (2003). Advancing alpha: Measuring reliability with confidence. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13, 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1304_14
Jones, T. L., Baxter, M. A., & Khanduja, V. (2013). A quick guide to survey research. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95, 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588413X13511609956372
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kemper, C. J., Trapp, S., Kathmann, N., Samuel, D. B., & Ziegler, M. (2019). Short versus long scales in clinical assessment: Exploring the trade-off between resources saved and psychometric quality lost using two measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Assessment, 26, 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191118810057
Kline, R. B. (2006). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford.
Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31–54). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_2
Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2006). The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire: Factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity in Dutch-speaking late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.03.006
Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2006). Unpacking commitment and exploration: Validation of an integrative model of adolescent identity formation. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.03.008
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.004
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). Wiley.
Marsh, H. W. (1986). Global self-esteem: Its relation to specific facets of self-concept and their importance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1224–1236. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1224
Menon, M. (2017). Multidimensional gender identity and gender-typed relationship styles in adolescence. Sex Roles, 76, 579–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0589-y
Merritt, S. M. (2012). The two-factor solution to Allen and Meyer’s (1990) Affective Commitment Scale: Effects of negatively worded items. Journal of Business Psychology, 27, 421–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9252-3
Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Sinatra, M., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2016). The Revised Identity Style Inventory: Factor structure and validity in Italian speaking students. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 883. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00883
Morsünbül, Ü., & Atak, H. (2013). Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13, 2053–2058. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.4.1623
Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2015). Identity development in the context of the risk and resilience framework. In K. C. McLean & M. Syed (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of identity development (pp. 472–489). Oxford University Press.
Pastorino, E., Dunham, R. M., Kidwell, J. S., Bacho, R. A., & Lamborn, S. D. (1997). Domain-specific gender comparisons in identity development among college youth: Ideology and relationships. Adolescence, 32, 559–577.
Raburu, P. A. (2015). The self-who am I?: Children’s identity and development through early childhood education. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p95
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
Schwartz, S. J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo‐Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 7–58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XSCHWARTZ
Schwartz, S. J. (2004). Brief report: Construct validity of two identity status measures: The EIPQ and the EOM-EIS-II. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.005
Schwartz, S. J., Vignoles, V. L., & Luyckx, K. (2011). Epilogue: What’s next for identity theory and research? In S. J. Schwartz, K., Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 897–902). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9
Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K., & Crocetti, E. (2015). What have we learned since Schwartz (2001)?: A reappraisal of the field of identity development. In K. C. McLean & M. Syed (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of identity development (pp. 539–561). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936564.013.028
Spanea, E., Anagnostopoulos, F., Kalatzi-Azizi, A., & Skarlos, D. (2005). Psychosocial adjustment of patients with breast cancer. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 2, 159–182.
Τάνταρος, Σ., Σπαντιδάκη-Κυριαζή, Φ., & Γράψας, Ε. (2018). Διερεύνηση των σχέσεων της διαμόρφωσης ταυτότητας και των συμπτωμάτων ψυχοπαθολογίας σε αναδυόμενους ενήλικες. Ψυχολογία, 23, 92–107.
Uecker, J. E., Regnerus, M. D., & Vaaler, M. E. (2007). Losing my religion: The social sources of religious decline in early adulthood. Social Forces, 85, 1667–1692. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0083
Vachon, D. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2016). Fixing the problem with empathy: Development and validation of the affective and cognitive measure of empathy. Assessment, 23, 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114567941
van Sonderen, E., Sanderman, R., & Coyne, J. C. (2013). Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PLoS ONE, 8(7): e68967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068967
Vleioras, G., & Bosma, H. A. (2005). Are identity styles important for psychological well-being? Journal of Adolescence, 28, 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.09.001
Warin, J. (2010). Stories of self: Tracking children’s identity and wellbeing through school years. Trentham Books.
Waterman, A. S. (2015). What does it mean to engage in identity exploration and to hold identity commitments?: A methodological critique of multidimensional measures for the study of identity processes. Identity, 15, 309–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1089403
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., Armenta, B. E., Whitbourne, S. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Brown, E. J., Williams, M. K., & Agocha, V. B. (2013). Good choices, poor choices: Relationship between the quality of identity commitments and psychosocial functioning. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813484004
Χρυσαφούδη, Α., & Πλατσίδου, Μ. (2016, 20-23 Οκτωβρίου). Προσαρμογή και εφαρμογή του Ego Identity Process Questionnaire (EIPQ) στον ελληνικό φοιτητικό πληθυσμό. 5ο Συνέδριο Αναπτυξιακής Ψυχολογίας της Ελληνικής Ψυχολογικής Εταιρείας, Βόλος.
Ziegler, M., Kemper, C. J., & Kruyen, P. (2014). Short scales—Five misunderstandings and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35, 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000148
Zimmermann, G., Mantzouranis, G., & Biermannet, E. (2010). Ego identity in adolescence: Preliminary validation of a French short-form of the EIPQ. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 60, 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2010.01.001
