Δεξιότητες φωνολογικής και μορφολογικής επίγνωσης μαθητών νηπιαγωγείου σε σχέση με το κοινωνικοοικονομικό επίπεδο των γονέων


Δημοσιευμένα: Μαΐ 9, 2024
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
κοινωνικοοικονομικό επίπεδο γονέων μορφωτικό επίπεδο επαγγελματικό επίπεδο φωνολογική επίγνωση μορφολογική επίγνωση νηπιαγωγείο
Ιωάννης Γρηγοράκης
Θεόδωρος Ελευθεράκης
Περίληψη

Αν και το κοινωνικοοικονομικό επίπεδο των γονέων συνδέεται με την ανάπτυξη της φωνολογικής επίγνωσης μαθητών νηπιαγωγείου, εντούτοις ελάχιστες έρευνες έχουν συνεξετάσει τη σχέση επιμέρους κοινωνικοοικονομικών δεικτών με την ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων φωνολογικής και μορφολογικής επίγνωσης. Σκοπός της παρούσας συγχρονικής μελέτης ήταν να εξετάσει χωριστά τον ρόλο του μορφωτικού και του επαγγελματικού επιπέδου της μητέρας και του πατέρα στην ανάπτυξη δεξιοτήτων φωνολογικής και μορφολογικής επίγνωσης. Διακόσιοι είκοσι εννέα μαθητές νηπιαγωγείου αξιολογήθηκαν σε δοκιμασίες μέτρησης της φωνολογικής και της μορφολογικής τους επίγνωσης σε επιγλωσσικό και μεταγλωσσικό επίπεδο. Αξιολογήθηκαν επίσης ως προς τη μη λεκτική νοημοσύνη, τη λεκτική νοητική ικανότητα, τη βραχύχρονη μνήμη, το προσληπτικό και το εκφραστικό λεξιλόγιο. Παράλληλα, οι γονείς των μαθητών κατέγραψαν, μέσω ερωτηματολογίου που τους χορηγήθηκε, το επίπεδο των σπουδών και το επάγγελμά τους τη συγκεκριμένη χρονική περίοδο. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι επιδόσεις των παιδιών σε όλες τις μεταγλωσσικές μετρήσεις διαφοροποιήθηκαν ως προς το μορφωτικό και επαγγελματικό επίπεδο κάθε γονέα. Οι διαφορές εντοπίστηκαν, κυρίως, μεταξύ των ακραίων μορφωτικών και επαγγελματικών επιπέδων. Επίσης, έδειξαν ότι το μορφωτικό και επαγγελματικό επίπεδο της μητέρας είχε μια ανεξάρτητη συμβολή στην ανάπτυξη της φωνολογικής και της μορφολογικής επίγνωσης κυρίως σε επιγλωσσικό επίπεδο. Από την άλλη το μορφωτικό και επαγγελματικό επίπεδο του πατέρα είχε μια συμβολή στην ανάπτυξη της μορφολογικής επίγνωσης σε επιγλωσσικό επίπεδο. Τα ευρήματα αυτά αναδεικνύουν τον ρόλο του κοινωνικοοικονομικού επιπέδου των γονέων στη μεταγλωσσική ανάπτυξη και συζητούνται με βάση τη θεωρητική και εκπαιδευτική τους σημασία.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • Άρθρα
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Arnold, D. H., & Doctoroff, G. L. (2003). The early education of socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 517–545. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.111301.145442
Banks, O. (1969). The sociology of education. London.
Bernstein, B. (1972). Social class, language and socialization. In P. P. Gigliori (Ed.), Language and social context (pp. 157-177). Penguin.
Βογινδρούκας, Ι., Πρωτόπαπας, Γ., & Σιδερίδης, Γ. (2009). Δοκιμασία εκφραστικού λεξιλογίου. Γλαύκη.
Bowman, B. T., Donovan, M. S., & Burns, M. S. (2001). Eager to learn: Educating our preschoolers. [full report and executive summary]. National Academy Press.
Byrne, B. (1996). The learnability of the alphabetic principle: Children's initial hypotheses about how print represents spoken language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 17(4), 401-426. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400008171
Γρηγοράκης, Ι. (2014). Η ανάπτυξη των μεταμορφολογικών ικανοτήτων παιδιών από το Νηπιαγωγείο στη Β΄ τάξη Δημοτικού και η σχέση τους με τη μάθηση της ανάγνωσης και της ορθογραφημένης γραφής [Αδημοσίευτη διδακτορική διατριβή]. Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης.
Γρηγοράκης, Ι. (2017). Η συμβολή του μορφωτικού επιπέδου των γονέων στην ανάπτυξη των μεταγλωσσικών ικανοτήτων των παιδιών στην προσχολική και πρώτη σχολική ηλικία. Στο Σ. Πανταζής, Ε. Μαράκη, Μ. Καδιανάκη & Ε. Μπελαδάκης Στριλιγκάς, Α. Τζωρτζάκης, Π. Σηφακάκης, & Χ. Ντρουμπογιάννης (Επιμ.), Τοπική αυτοδιοίκηση, Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση: Η παιδεία και ο πολιτισμός ως πυλώνες περιφερειακής ανάπτυξης: Πρακτικά 2ου Πανελλήνιο Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο Ι.Α.Κ.Ε. Τόμος Β΄ (σσ. 52-60). Ηράκλειο.
Γρηγοράκης, Ι. (2022). Μορφολογική επίγνωση και λεξιλόγιο: η εξέταση της μεταξύ τους σχέσης στο νηπιαγωγείο. Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society, 26(3), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.29155
Carlisle, J. F. (1995). Morphological awareness and early reading achievement. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 189-209). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Casalis, S., & Louis-Alexandre, M. F. (2000). Morphological analysis, phonological analysis and learning to read French: A longitudinal study. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3-4), 303–335. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008177205648
Castillo, R., Ruiz, J. R., Chillón, P., Jiménez-Pavón, D., Esperanza-Díaz, L., Moreno, L. A., & Ortega, F. B. (2011). Associations between parental educational/occupational levels and cognitive performance in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA study. Psicothema, 23(3), 349–355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774884
Colé, P., Cavalli, E., Duncan, L. G., Theurel, A., Gentaz, E., Sprenger-Charolles, L., & El-Ahmadi, Α. (2018). What is the influence of morphological knowledge in the early stages of reading acquisition among low SES children? A graphical modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00547
Cottone, E. A. (2012). Preschoolers’ emergent literacy skills: The mediating role of maternal Reading beliefs. Early Education and Development, 23(3), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/104092892010.527581
Cunningham A., & Carrol, J. (2015). Early predictors of phonological and morphological awareness and the link with reading: Evidence from children with different patterns of early deficit. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(3), 509-531. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0142716413000295
Curenton, S. M., & Justice, L. M. (2008). Children's preliteracy skills: Influence of mothers' education and beliefs about shared-reading interactions. Early Education and Development, 19(2), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280801963939
D’ Angiulli, A., Siegel, L., S., & Hertzman, C. (2004). Schooling, socioeconomic context and literacy development. Educational Psychology, 24(6), 867-883. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341042000271746
Deacon, S. H., Benere, J., & Pasquarella, A. (2013). Reciprocal relationship: Children's morphological awareness and their reading accuracy across grades 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1113–1126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029474
Desrochers, A., Manolitsis, G., Gaudreau, P., & Georgiou, G. (2018). Early contribution of morphological awareness to literacy skills across languages varying in orthographic consistency. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 31(8), 1695–1719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-017-9772-y
Diamanti, V., Benaki, A., Mouzaki, A., Ralli, A., Antoniou, F., Papaioannou, S., & Protopapas, A. (2018). Development of early morphological awareness in Greek: Epilinguistic versus metalinguistic and inflectional versus derivational awareness. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39, 545–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716417000522
Diamanti, V., Mouzaki, A., Ralli, A., Antoniou, F., Papaioannou, S., & Protopapas, A. (2017). Preschool phonological and morphological awareness as longitudinal predictors of early reading and spelling development in Greek. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02039
Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1981). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. American Guidance Service.
Ensminger, M. E., & Fothergill, K. (2003). A decade of measuring SES: What it tells us and where to go from here. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 13-28). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Foorman, B. R., Schatschneider, C., Eakin, M. N., Fletcher, J. M., Moats, L. C., & Francis, D. J. (2006). The impact of instructional practices in Grades 1 and 2 on reading and spelling achievement in high poverty schools. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 31, 1–29.
Fowler, A., Feldman, L. B., Andjelkovic, D., & Oney, B. (2003). Morphological and phonological analysis by beginning readers: Evidence from Serbian and Turkish. In E. Assink & D. Santa (Eds.), Reading complex words: Cross-language studies (pp. 53-79). Kluwer
Georgiou, G. K., Parrila, R., & Papadopoulos, T. C. (2008). Predictors of word decoding and reading fluency across languages varying in orthographic consistency. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 566–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.566
Gombert, J. E. (1992). Metalinguistic development (T. Pownall, Trans.). (Original work published 1990). London.
Grigorakis I., Kargiotidis, A., Mouzaki, A., & Manolitsis G. (2022) Early oral language precursors of different types of reading difficulties in a consistent orthography. Frontiers in Education, 7, 959374. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.959374
Grigorakis, I., & Manolitsis, G. (2021). Longitudinal effects of different aspects of morphological awareness skills on early spelling development. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34(4), 945–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-020-10098-2
Hartas, D. (2011). Families’ social backgrounds matter: Socio-economic factors, home learning and young children’s language, literacy and social outcomes. British Educational Researcsh Journal, 37(6), 893–914. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.506945
Heath, S. M., Bishop, D. V. M., Bloor, K. E., Boyle, G. L., Fletcher, J., Hogben, J.H, Wigley, C.A., & Yeong, S. H. M. (2014). A Spotlight on preschool: The influence of family factors on children’s early literacy skills, PLOS ONE, 9(4), e95255. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0095255
Hoff, E. (2003). Causes and consequences of SES-related differences in parent-to-child speech. In M. H. Bornstein & R. H. Bradley (Eds.), Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development (pp. 147–160). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hoff, E. (2006). How social contexts support and shape language development. Developmental Review, 26(1), 55-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2005.11.002
Hoff, E. (2013). Interpreting the early language trajectories of children from low-SES and language minority homes: Implications for closing achievement gaps. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027238
Hook, J. L., Ruppanner, L., & Casper, L.M. (2022). Occupational characteristics and parents' childcare time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(1), 210-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jomf.12768
Incognito, O., & Pinto, G. (2023). Longitudinal effects of family and school context on the development on emergent literacy skills in preschoolers. Current Psychology, 42, 9819–9829 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02274-6
Kargiotidis, A., Grigorakis, I., Mouzaki, A., & Manolitsis, G. (2021). Differences in oral language growth between children with and without literacy difficulties: evidence from early phases of learning to read and spell in Greek. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 26, 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404158.2021.1961160
Khanolainen, D., Psyridou, M., Silinskas, G., Lerkkanen, M.-K., Niemi, P., Poikkeus, A.-M., & Torppa, M. (2020). Longitudinal effects of the home learning environment and parental difficulties on reading and math development across grades 1–9. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 577981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577981
Kim, H.-Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
Korrup, S. (2000). Mothers and the process of social stratification. Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology.
Kuo, L., & Anderson, R. C. (2006). Morphological awareness and learning to read: A cross-language perspective. Educational Psychologist, 41(3), 161–180. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15326985ep4103_3
Labov, W. (1972). The logic of non-standard English. In P. Giglioli (Ed.), Cognitive and social context (pp. 179-215). Penguin Books
Landerl, K., Freudenthaler, H. H., Heene, M., De Jong, P. F., Desrochers, A., Manolitsis, G., Parrila, R., & Georgiou, G. K. (2019). Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming as longitudinal predictors of reading in five alphabetic orthographies with varying degrees of consistency. Scientific Studies of Reading, 23(3), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10888438.2018.1510936
Landerl, K., Ramus, F., Moll, K., Lyytinen, H., Leppänen, P. H. T., Lohvansuu, K., O’ Donovan, M., Williams, J., Bartling, J., Bruder, J., Kunze, S., Neuhoff, N., Tóth, D., Honbolygó, F., Csépe, V., Bogliotti, C., Iannuzzi, S., Chaix, Y., Démonet, J-F., Longeras, E., Valdois, S., Chabernaud, C., Delteil-Pinton, F., Billard, C., George, F., Ziegler, J. C., Comte-Gervais, I., Soares-Boucaud, I., Gérard, C.-L., Blomert, L., Vaessen, A., Gerretsen, P., Ekkebus, M., Brandeis, D., Maurer, U., Schulz, E., van der Mark, S., Müller-Myhsok, B., & Schulte-Körne, G. (2013). Predictors of developmental dyslexia in European orthographies with varying complexity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(6), 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12029
Lonigan, C. J. (2007). Vocabulary development and the development of phonological awareness skills in preschool children. In R. K. Wagner, A. E. Muse, & K. R. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Vocabulary acquisition: implications for reading comprehension (pp. 15-31). The Guilford Press.
Lyster, S. A. H. (2002). The effects of morphological vs phonological awareness training in kindergarten on reading development. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 15, 261-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015272516220
Lundberg, I., Larsman, P., & Strid, A. (2012). Development of phonological awareness during the preschool year: The influence of gender and socio-economic status. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 25(2), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1114 5-010-9269-4
Magnuson, K. A., & Duncan, G. J. (2006). The role of family socioeconomic resources in the black-white test score gap among young children. Developmental Review, 26(4), 365–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.06.004
Manolitsis, G. (2017). How effective is morphological awareness instruction on early literacy skills? In C. J. McLachlan & A. W. Arrow (Eds.), Literacy in the early years: Reflections on international research and practice (pp. 151–174). Springer.
Manolitsis, G., Georgiou, G., Inoue, T., & Parrila, R. (2019). Are morphological awareness and literacy skills reciprocally related? Evidence from a cross-linguistic study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(8), 1362–1381. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000354
Manolitsis, G., Grigorakis, I., & Georgiou, G. K. (2017). The longitudinal contribution of early morphological awareness skills to reading fluency and comprehension in Greek. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01793
Manolitsis, G., & Tafa, E. (2011). Letter-name letter-sound and phonological awareness: evidence from Greek-speaking kindergarten children. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 24(1), 27-53.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11145-009-9200-z
Μανωλίτσης, Γ. (2000). Μέτρηση και αξιολόγηση μεταγλωσσικών ικανοτήτων παιδιών ηλικίας 5-6 ετών. Γρηγόρης.
Μανωλίτσης, Γ. (2016). Ο αναδυόμενος γραμματισμός στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση: Νέα ζητήματα και εκπαιδευτικές προτάσεις. Προσχολική & ΣχολικήΕκπαίδευση, 4(1), 3-34. https://doi.org/10.12681/ppej.9970
McDowell, K. D., Lonigan, C. J., & Goldstein, H. (2007). Relations among socioeconomic status, age, and predictors of phonological awareness. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1079–1092. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/075)
Mozzanica, F., Ambrogi, F., Salvadorini, R., Sai, E., Pozzoli, R., Barillari, M. R., Scarponi, L., & Schindler, A. (2016). The relationship between socioeconomic status and narrative abilities in a group of Italian normally developing children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 68, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452443
Νικολάου, Σ. Μ. (2006). Θεωρητικά ζητήματα στην Κοινωνιολογία της Εκπαίδευσης. Gutenberg.
Noble, K. G., Farah, M. J., & McCandliss, B. D. (2006). Socioeconomic background modulates cognition–achievement relationships in reading. Cognitive Development, 21, 349–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.01.007
Παρασκευόπουλος, Ι. Ν., Καλαντζή-Αζίζι, Α., & Γιαννίτσας, Ν. Δ. (1999). Αθηνά Τεστ Διάγνωσης Δυσκολιών Μάθησης. Οδηγός εξεταστή. Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Πόρποδας, Κ. (2008). Εργαλείο Ανίχνευσης και Διερεύνησης των Αναγνωστικών Δυσκολιών στο Νηπιαγωγείο και Α΄-Β΄ Δημοτικού. ΥΠΕΠΘ-ΕΠΕΑΕΚ.
Papadopoulos, T. C., Charalambous, A., Kanari, A., & Loizou, M. (2004). Kindergarten cognitive intervention for reading difficulties: The PREP remediation in Greek. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 19(1), 79-105.https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF03173238
Parsons, T. (2002). Family structure and the socialization of the child. In T. Parsons & R. F. Bales (Eds.), Family Socialization and Interaction Process (pp. 35-131). Routledge.
Pittas, E., & Nunes, T. (2014). The relation between morphological awareness and reading and spelling in Greek: A longitudinal study. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 27, 1507–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1114 5-014-9503-6
Pruitt, S., & Oetting, J. (2009). Past tense marking by African American English—Speaking children reared in poverty. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0176)
Rassel, A., Facon, B., & Casalis, S. (2021). Morphological awareness and learning to read: impact of socio‐economic status in French third graders. Journal of Research in Reading, 44(1), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12321
Raven, J. C. (1956). Coloured progressive matrices, sets A, AB, B. H. K. Lewis & Co., Ltd.
Ravid, D., & Schiff, R. (2006). Roots and patterns in Hebrew language development: Evidence from written morphological analogies. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19, 789–818.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-006-9004-3
Renfrew, C. E. (1995). Word finding vocabulary test (4th ed.). Winslow.
Σιδερίδης, Γ., Αντωνίου, Φ., Μουζάκη, Α., & Σίμος, Π. (2016). Raven’s: Έγχρωμες πρooδευτικές μήτρες (CPM) και κλίμακες λεξιλoγίoυ Crichton (CVS). Μοτίβο.
Schiff, R., & Lotem, E. (2011). Effects of phonological and morphological awareness on children’s word reading development from two socioeconomic backgrounds. First Language, 31(2), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723710393098
Sénéchal, M., & LeFevre, J.-A. (2002). Parental involvement in the development of children's read-ing skill: A five-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 445-460.
Sénéchal, M., Leferre, J.-A., Thomas, E. M., & Daley, K. E. (1998). Differential effects of home literacy experiences on development of oral and written language. Reading Research Quarterly, 33, 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.33.1.5
Simos, P., Sideridis, G. D., Protopapas, A., & Mouzaki, A. (2011). Psychometric characteristics of a receptive vocabulary test for Greek elementary students. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 37, 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508411413254
Smith, C., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (1982). Metalinguistic awareness and language development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34, 449-468.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(82)90071-6
Soto, X., Olszewski, A., & Goldstein, H. (2019). A systematic review of phonological awareness interventions for Latino children in early and primary grades. Journal of Early Intervention, 41(4), 340–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815119856067
Sparks, E., & Deacon, S. (2015). Morphological awareness and vocabulary acquisition: A longitudinal examination of their relationship in English-speaking children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36(2), 299-321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716413000246
Τάφα, Ε. (2011). Ανάγνωση και γραφή στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση. Πεδίο.
Tong, S., Baghurst, P., Vimpani, G., & McMichael, A. (2007). Socioeconomic position, maternal IQ, home environment, and cognitive development. Journal of Pediatric, 151(3), 284-288.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.03.020
Torppa, M., Lyytinen, P., Erskine, J., Eklund, K., & Lyytinen, H. (2010). Language development, literacy skills, and predictive connections to reading in Finnish children with and without familial risk for dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 43(4), 308–321.https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/070)
Τσεσμελή, Σ. (2009). Η ανάπτυξη της μορφολογικής ενημερότητας σε παιδιά δημοτικού σχολείου. Επιστήμες της Αγωγής, 2, 75-87.
Van Ewijk, R., & Sleegers, P. (2010). The effect of peer socioeconomic status on student achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 5, 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.02.001
Walley, A. C., Metsala, J. L., & Garlock, V. M. (2003). Spoken vocabulary growth: Its role in the development of phoneme awareness and early reading ability. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal,16, 5–20 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021789804977
Warrem-Leubecker, A., & Carter, B. W. (1988). Reading and growth in metalinguistic awareness: Relations to socioeconomic status and reading readiness skills. Child Development, 59, 728-742.https://doi.org/10.2307/1130572
Whitehurst, G. J., & Lonigan, C. J. (1998). Child development and emergent literacy. Child Development, 69, 848–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06247.x
Yeung, W. J., Linver, M. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). How money matters for young children’s development: Parental investment and family process. Child Development, 73, 1861–1879. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.T01-1-00511
Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.3