«Σιωπή! Προσεγγίζοντας την περίπτωση των μαθητών που αντιμετωπίζονται στο σχολείο ως ομοφυλόφιλοι»
Abstract
The content of this article focuses on the case of students, who are considered as gay or lesbian. The article presents the psychological status of these students and the ways their peers, teachers and parents react, approach and treat them. Also it portrays the negative psychosocial and educational consequences these students experience, caused by the bias and prejudice against them. Concluding, it points out the necessity for the schools to take specific and concrete measures to protect and support these young people and their well-being.
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Darais, K. (2014). «Σιωπή! Προσεγγίζοντας την περίπτωση των μαθητών που αντιμετωπίζονται στο σχολείο ως ομοφυλόφιλοι». Preschool and Primary Education, 2, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.12681/ppej.83
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- Vol. 2 (2014)
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References
American Counseling Association. (2000). ACA briefing paper: Discrimination based on sexual orientation. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
American School Counselor Association. (2000). ASCA position statement: Sexual orientation). Alexandria, VA: American School Counselor Association.
Anderson, C. W., & Porter, J. D. (2002).Preventing health risks and promoting healthy outcomes of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: A training program for school counseling, health, and mental health professions. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Ben-Ari, A. T. (1998). An experimental attitude change: Social work students and homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 35, 59-71.
Besner, H. F., & Spungin, C. I. (1995). Gay & lesbian students: Understanding their needs. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 989-1000.
Bontempo, D. E., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’ health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 364–374.
Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., & Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 394-402.
Busseri, M. A., Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H., & Bogaert, A. R. (2006). Same-sex attraction and successful adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 563-575.
Butler, K. L. (1995). Preservice teachers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding gay men and lesbians: The impact of cognitive vs. affective educational interventions. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56 (07), 2641A. (UMI No. 9536629)
Chung, Y. B., & Katayama, M. (1998). Ethnic and sexual identity development of Asian-American lesbian and gay adolescents. Professional School Counseling, 1, 21–25.
Coleman, E., & Remafedi, G. (1989). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A critical challenge to counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 36–40.
Cook, A. T. (1991). Respect all youth project. Washington DC: P-FLAG.
Cramer, D., & Roach, A. (1988). Coming out to mom and dad: A study of gay males and their relationship with their parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15, 79-91.
Darling, N. (2005). Participation in extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 493-505.
D’Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (1993). Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 421-448.
D’Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., & Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148–167.
Δεληγιάννη-Κουϊμτζή, Β., & Σακκά. Δ. (2005). Μεγαλώνοντας ως αγόρι. Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K. K., & Rebus, P. J. (2005). The relationship between social support and student adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 691-706.
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extra curricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865-889.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, J., & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 876-880.
Fontaine, J. H. (1998). Evidencing a need: School counselors’ experiences with gay and lesbian students. Professional School Counseling, 1, 8–14.
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & DuRant, R. H. (1998). The association between health risk behavior and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101, 895-902.
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R., & Goodman, E. (1999). Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 487-493.
Gibson, P. (1989). Gay male and lesbian youth suicide. In M. R. Feinleib (Ed.), Report of the Secretary’s task force on youth suicide. Volume 3: Preventions and interventions in youth suicide (pp.110–142). (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Pub. No. ADM 89-1623). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Goffman, E. (2001). Στίγμα: Σημειώσεις για τη διαχείριση της Φθαρμένης Ταυτότητας, Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Goldstein, T., Collins, A., & Halder, M. (2007). Anti-homophobia education in public schooling: A Canadian case study of policy implementation. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 19, 47-66.
Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006). School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 573-589.
Griffin, C., Wirth, M., & Wirth, A. (1996). Beyond acceptance: Parents of lesbians and gays talk about their experiences. New York: St. Martin’s.
Grossman, A. H., & Kerner, M. S. (1998). Self-esteem and supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in gay male and lesbian youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 35, 25-39.
Haldeman, D. (1994). The practice and ethics of sexual orientation conversion therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 221-227.
Hansen A. (2008). LGBT students and allies participating in a school-based support program: School performance, connectedness, and perceptions of school climate, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Minnesota, USA.
Herdt, G., & Boxer, A. (1996). Children of horizons: How gay and lesbian teens are leading a new way out of the closet (2nd ed.). New York: Beacon Press.
Human Rights Watch (2001). Hatred in the hallways: Violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students in U. S. schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Hunter, J. (1990). Violence against lesbian and gay male youth. Interpersonal Violence, 5, 295-300.
Hunter, J., & Schaecher, R. (1990). Gay and lesbian youths. In M. Rotheram-Borus, J. Bradley, & N. Oblensky (Eds.), Planning to live: Suicidal youths in community settings (pp. 297-317). Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jordan, K. M., Vaughan, J. S., & Woodworth, K. J. (1997). I will survive: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ experience of high school. In M. B. Harris (Ed.), School experiences of gay and lesbian youth (pp. 17–34). New York: Harrington Park Press.
Just the Facts Coalition. (2000). Just the facts about sexual orientation & youth: A primer for principals, educators & school personnel. Washington, DC: Just the Facts Coalition.
Kosciw, J. G. (2004). The 2003 National School Climate Survey: The school-related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth. New York: GLSEN.
Kosciw, J. G., & Cullen, M. K. (2002).The GLSEN 2001 National School Climate Survey: The school-related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. New York: GLSEN.
Krivascka, J. J., Savin-Williams, R. C., & Slater, B. R. (1992). Background paper for the resolution on lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in schools. Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association Council of Representatives Agenda.
Kruks, G. (1991). Gay and lesbian homeless/street youth: Special issues and concerns. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 515-518.
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., & Farmer, T. W. (2003).Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 409-418.
Malinksy, P.K. (1997). Learning to be invisible: Female sexual minority students in America’s public high schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 7, 35-50.
Martin-Storey, A., & Crosnoe, R. (2012). Sexual minority status, peer harassment, and adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1001-1011.
McDaniel, J. S., Purcell, D., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2001). The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: Research findings and future directions for research and prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 84-105.
McIntyre, T. (1992). The “invisible culture” in our schools: Gay and lesbian youth. Beyond Behavior, 3, 6-12.
Nichols, S. L. (1999). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: Understanding diversity and promoting tolerance in schools. Elementary School Journal, 99, 505–519.
O’Conor, A. (1994). Who gets called queer in school? Lesbian, gay and bisexual teenagers, homophobia, and high school. The High School Journal, 77, 7–12.
Olson, E. D., & King, C. A. (1995). Gay and lesbian self identification: A response to Rotheram-Borus and Fernandez. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 25, 35-39.
Omizo, M. M., Omizo, S. A., & Okamoto, C. M. (1998). Gay and lesbian adolescents: A phenomenological study. Professional School Counselling, 1, 35–37.
Orenstein, A. (2001). Substance use among gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 1-15.
Πολίτης Φ. (2005). Μορφές ανδρισμού και η συγκρότησή τους στο σχολείο, Αδημοσίευτη Διδακτορική Διατριβή. ΑΠΘ, Θεσσαλονίκη.
Pope, M. (2000). Preventing school violence aimed at gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender youth. In D. S. Sandhu & C. B. Aspy (Eds.), Violence in American schools: A practical guide for counselors (pp. 285–304). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Pope, M. (2003) Sexual Minority Youth in Schools: Issues and Desirable Counselor Responses, St. Louis: ERIC/CASS
Pope, M., Bunch, L. K., Szymanski, D. M., & Rankins, M. (2003). Counselling sexual minority students in the schools. In B. Erford (Ed.), Handbook for professional school counselling (pp. 221–245). Greensboro, NC: CAPS Press.
Remafedi, G., Farrow, J., & Deisher, R. (1993). Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. In L. D. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 486-499). New York: Columbia University Press.
Remafedi, G. (1987). Male homosexuality: The adolescent’s perspective. Pediatrics, 79, 326-330.
Rivers, I. (2001).The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates. Educational and Child Psychology,18, 32-46.
Robertson, L., & Monsen, J. (2001). Issues in the development o sexual identity: Practice implications for educational psychologists. Education and Child Psychology, 18, 13-31.
Rosario, M., Hunter, J., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (1992). Factfile: Lesbian and gay youth. New York: Hetrick-Martin Institute.
Rotheram-Borus, M., Hunter, J., & Rosario, M. (1994). Suicidal behavior and gay-related stress among gay and bisexual male adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 498-508.
Ryan, C., & Futterman, D. (1997). Lesbian and gay youth: Care and counseling. Adolescent Medicine—State of the Art Reviews, 8, 221-240.
Safren, S. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1999). Depression, hopelessness, suicidality and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 859-866.
Sandhu, D. S., & Aspy, C. B. (2000). Violence in American schools: A practical guide for counsellors. Alexandria, VA: American Counselling Association.
Savin-Williams, R., & Dube, E. (1998). Parental reactions to their child’s disclosure of gay/lesbian identity. Family Relations, 47, 1-7.
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001). Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269.
Sawyer, R. G., Lehman, C. T., Anderson, M. K., & Porter, D. (2006). Education and training needs of school staff relevant to preventing risk behaviors and promoting health behaviors among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning youth. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 7, 37-53.
Strommen, E. (1993). “You’re a what?”: Family member reactions to the disclosure of homosexuality. In L. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 248-266). New York: Columbia University Press.
Telljohann, S. K., & Price, J. H. (1993). A qualitative examination of adolescent homosexuals’ life experiences: Ramifications for secondary school personnel. Journal of Homosexuality, 26, 41-56.
Troiden, R. R. (1989). The formation of homosexual identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 17, 43-73.
Walker, H. P. (2001). Sexual identity, psychological well-being and suicide risk among lesbian and gay young people. Educational and Child Psychology, 18, 47-61.
Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 471-482.
American School Counselor Association. (2000). ASCA position statement: Sexual orientation). Alexandria, VA: American School Counselor Association.
Anderson, C. W., & Porter, J. D. (2002).Preventing health risks and promoting healthy outcomes of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: A training program for school counseling, health, and mental health professions. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Ben-Ari, A. T. (1998). An experimental attitude change: Social work students and homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 35, 59-71.
Besner, H. F., & Spungin, C. I. (1995). Gay & lesbian students: Understanding their needs. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 989-1000.
Bontempo, D. E., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’ health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 364–374.
Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., & Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 394-402.
Busseri, M. A., Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H., & Bogaert, A. R. (2006). Same-sex attraction and successful adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 563-575.
Butler, K. L. (1995). Preservice teachers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding gay men and lesbians: The impact of cognitive vs. affective educational interventions. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56 (07), 2641A. (UMI No. 9536629)
Chung, Y. B., & Katayama, M. (1998). Ethnic and sexual identity development of Asian-American lesbian and gay adolescents. Professional School Counseling, 1, 21–25.
Coleman, E., & Remafedi, G. (1989). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A critical challenge to counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 36–40.
Cook, A. T. (1991). Respect all youth project. Washington DC: P-FLAG.
Cramer, D., & Roach, A. (1988). Coming out to mom and dad: A study of gay males and their relationship with their parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15, 79-91.
Darling, N. (2005). Participation in extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 493-505.
D’Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (1993). Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 421-448.
D’Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., & Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17, 148–167.
Δεληγιάννη-Κουϊμτζή, Β., & Σακκά. Δ. (2005). Μεγαλώνοντας ως αγόρι. Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Davidson, L. M., Hodgson, K. K., & Rebus, P. J. (2005). The relationship between social support and student adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 691-706.
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extra curricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865-889.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, J., & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 876-880.
Fontaine, J. H. (1998). Evidencing a need: School counselors’ experiences with gay and lesbian students. Professional School Counseling, 1, 8–14.
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & DuRant, R. H. (1998). The association between health risk behavior and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101, 895-902.
Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Wissow, L. S., Woods, E. R., & Goodman, E. (1999). Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 487-493.
Gibson, P. (1989). Gay male and lesbian youth suicide. In M. R. Feinleib (Ed.), Report of the Secretary’s task force on youth suicide. Volume 3: Preventions and interventions in youth suicide (pp.110–142). (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Pub. No. ADM 89-1623). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Goffman, E. (2001). Στίγμα: Σημειώσεις για τη διαχείριση της Φθαρμένης Ταυτότητας, Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Goldstein, T., Collins, A., & Halder, M. (2007). Anti-homophobia education in public schooling: A Canadian case study of policy implementation. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 19, 47-66.
Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L., & Westheimer, K. (2006). School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 573-589.
Griffin, C., Wirth, M., & Wirth, A. (1996). Beyond acceptance: Parents of lesbians and gays talk about their experiences. New York: St. Martin’s.
Grossman, A. H., & Kerner, M. S. (1998). Self-esteem and supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in gay male and lesbian youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 35, 25-39.
Haldeman, D. (1994). The practice and ethics of sexual orientation conversion therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 221-227.
Hansen A. (2008). LGBT students and allies participating in a school-based support program: School performance, connectedness, and perceptions of school climate, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Minnesota, USA.
Herdt, G., & Boxer, A. (1996). Children of horizons: How gay and lesbian teens are leading a new way out of the closet (2nd ed.). New York: Beacon Press.
Human Rights Watch (2001). Hatred in the hallways: Violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students in U. S. schools. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Hunter, J. (1990). Violence against lesbian and gay male youth. Interpersonal Violence, 5, 295-300.
Hunter, J., & Schaecher, R. (1990). Gay and lesbian youths. In M. Rotheram-Borus, J. Bradley, & N. Oblensky (Eds.), Planning to live: Suicidal youths in community settings (pp. 297-317). Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jordan, K. M., Vaughan, J. S., & Woodworth, K. J. (1997). I will survive: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ experience of high school. In M. B. Harris (Ed.), School experiences of gay and lesbian youth (pp. 17–34). New York: Harrington Park Press.
Just the Facts Coalition. (2000). Just the facts about sexual orientation & youth: A primer for principals, educators & school personnel. Washington, DC: Just the Facts Coalition.
Kosciw, J. G. (2004). The 2003 National School Climate Survey: The school-related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth. New York: GLSEN.
Kosciw, J. G., & Cullen, M. K. (2002).The GLSEN 2001 National School Climate Survey: The school-related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. New York: GLSEN.
Krivascka, J. J., Savin-Williams, R. C., & Slater, B. R. (1992). Background paper for the resolution on lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in schools. Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association Council of Representatives Agenda.
Kruks, G. (1991). Gay and lesbian homeless/street youth: Special issues and concerns. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 515-518.
Mahoney, J. L., Cairns, B. D., & Farmer, T. W. (2003).Promoting interpersonal competence and educational success through extracurricular activity participation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 409-418.
Malinksy, P.K. (1997). Learning to be invisible: Female sexual minority students in America’s public high schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 7, 35-50.
Martin-Storey, A., & Crosnoe, R. (2012). Sexual minority status, peer harassment, and adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1001-1011.
McDaniel, J. S., Purcell, D., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2001). The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: Research findings and future directions for research and prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 84-105.
McIntyre, T. (1992). The “invisible culture” in our schools: Gay and lesbian youth. Beyond Behavior, 3, 6-12.
Nichols, S. L. (1999). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: Understanding diversity and promoting tolerance in schools. Elementary School Journal, 99, 505–519.
O’Conor, A. (1994). Who gets called queer in school? Lesbian, gay and bisexual teenagers, homophobia, and high school. The High School Journal, 77, 7–12.
Olson, E. D., & King, C. A. (1995). Gay and lesbian self identification: A response to Rotheram-Borus and Fernandez. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 25, 35-39.
Omizo, M. M., Omizo, S. A., & Okamoto, C. M. (1998). Gay and lesbian adolescents: A phenomenological study. Professional School Counselling, 1, 35–37.
Orenstein, A. (2001). Substance use among gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 41, 1-15.
Πολίτης Φ. (2005). Μορφές ανδρισμού και η συγκρότησή τους στο σχολείο, Αδημοσίευτη Διδακτορική Διατριβή. ΑΠΘ, Θεσσαλονίκη.
Pope, M. (2000). Preventing school violence aimed at gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender youth. In D. S. Sandhu & C. B. Aspy (Eds.), Violence in American schools: A practical guide for counselors (pp. 285–304). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Pope, M. (2003) Sexual Minority Youth in Schools: Issues and Desirable Counselor Responses, St. Louis: ERIC/CASS
Pope, M., Bunch, L. K., Szymanski, D. M., & Rankins, M. (2003). Counselling sexual minority students in the schools. In B. Erford (Ed.), Handbook for professional school counselling (pp. 221–245). Greensboro, NC: CAPS Press.
Remafedi, G., Farrow, J., & Deisher, R. (1993). Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth. In L. D. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 486-499). New York: Columbia University Press.
Remafedi, G. (1987). Male homosexuality: The adolescent’s perspective. Pediatrics, 79, 326-330.
Rivers, I. (2001).The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates. Educational and Child Psychology,18, 32-46.
Robertson, L., & Monsen, J. (2001). Issues in the development o sexual identity: Practice implications for educational psychologists. Education and Child Psychology, 18, 13-31.
Rosario, M., Hunter, J., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (1992). Factfile: Lesbian and gay youth. New York: Hetrick-Martin Institute.
Rotheram-Borus, M., Hunter, J., & Rosario, M. (1994). Suicidal behavior and gay-related stress among gay and bisexual male adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 498-508.
Ryan, C., & Futterman, D. (1997). Lesbian and gay youth: Care and counseling. Adolescent Medicine—State of the Art Reviews, 8, 221-240.
Safren, S. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1999). Depression, hopelessness, suicidality and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 859-866.
Sandhu, D. S., & Aspy, C. B. (2000). Violence in American schools: A practical guide for counsellors. Alexandria, VA: American Counselling Association.
Savin-Williams, R., & Dube, E. (1998). Parental reactions to their child’s disclosure of gay/lesbian identity. Family Relations, 47, 1-7.
Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001). Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269.
Sawyer, R. G., Lehman, C. T., Anderson, M. K., & Porter, D. (2006). Education and training needs of school staff relevant to preventing risk behaviors and promoting health behaviors among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning youth. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 7, 37-53.
Strommen, E. (1993). “You’re a what?”: Family member reactions to the disclosure of homosexuality. In L. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 248-266). New York: Columbia University Press.
Telljohann, S. K., & Price, J. H. (1993). A qualitative examination of adolescent homosexuals’ life experiences: Ramifications for secondary school personnel. Journal of Homosexuality, 26, 41-56.
Troiden, R. R. (1989). The formation of homosexual identities. Journal of Homosexuality, 17, 43-73.
Walker, H. P. (2001). Sexual identity, psychological well-being and suicide risk among lesbian and gay young people. Educational and Child Psychology, 18, 47-61.
Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 471-482.
