Teaching the climate crisis in elementary school: perceptions and self-efficacy of teachers


Published: Jul 31, 2025
Keywords:
climate crisis perceptions self-efficacy teachers elementary school
Αριστέα Ένεζλη
Κώστας Γαβριλάκης
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-9021
Γεωργία Λιαράκου
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6043-2425
Abstract

The climate crisis is one of the most important challenges of modern times. Over the past decades, the leading role of education in informing, raising awareness, and activating citizens on this issue has been acclaimed worldwide. This study examines primary school teachers’ basic perceptions of the climate crisis, their self-efficacy regarding teaching this subject, and the potential relationship between these two aspects. Teachers from elementary schools in Ioannina and Attiki in Greece were asked to fill in a questionnaire designed in the framework of this study. Among the main results, it was found that teachers perceive the climate crisis as one of the planet's most critical issues, but not of our country. The ideas they recorded about the causes, impacts, and ways of dealing with the issue are limited and do not delve into depth. Participants do not consider their education around this issue adequate, but are convinced of its necessity in the school curriculum. Teachers' self-efficacy levels for teaching climate crisis are marginally above average. The finding that those who are more aware of the issue and those who have received adequate training exhibit higher self-efficacy underscores the need for further training.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Ahmed, M. N., Ahmed, K. J., Chowdhury, M. T., & Atiqul Haq, S. M. (2022). Teachers' perceptions about climate change: A comparative study of public and private schools and colleges in Bangladesh. Frontiers in Climate, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.784875
Anderson, A. (2012). Climate change education for mitigation and adaptation. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 6(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973408212475199
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2(2), 128-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413209008406426
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
Bandura, A. & Locke, E.A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 87 – 99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.87
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307-337). Information Age Publishing.
Boon, H. (2010). Climate change? Who knows? A comparison of secondary students and pre-service teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1), 104–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2010v35n1.9
Boyd, E. & Tompkins, E.L. (2010). Climate change: A beginner's guide. Oxford: OneWorld.
Bryman, A. (2017). Μέθοδοι Κοινωνικής Έρευνας. Αθήνα: Gutenberg.
Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P. & Malone, P.S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: a study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473 – 490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
Cheng-Man Lau, D. (2001). Analysing the curriculum development process: three models. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 9(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681360100200107
Dal, B., Öztürk, N., Alper, U., Sonmez, D.A. & Çökelez, A. (2015). An analysis of the teachers' climate change awareness. American Journal of Education, 2, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.30958/aje.2-2-2
Δασκολιά, Μ. (2023). H κλιματική κρίση ως «φαύλο» πρόβλημα και μαθησιακό αντικείμενο. Θεωρητικές, ερευνητικές και διδακτικές επισημάνσεις με άξονα την εκπαίδευση για την κλιματική αλλαγή. Περιβαλλοντική Εκπαίδευση για την Αειφορία, 5(1), Ειδικό θεματικό τεύχος «Σύγχρονες διαστάσεις της Εκπαίδευσης για το Περιβάλλον και την Αειφορία» αφιερωμένο στην Ομ. Καθηγήτρια Ευγενία Φλογαΐτη, 48-65.DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/ees.35760
Dike, J.W. & Amadi, N.G. (2016). Teachers’ awareness of climate change: Implications for innovative teaching. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 2(6), 24-31. Retrieved from https://www.iiardjournals.org/get/IJEE/VOL.%202%20NO.%206%202016/Teachers%20Awareness%20of%20Climate.pdf
Dorji, Y., Man Rai, C. & Nidup, T. (2021). Climate change awareness among the teachers of higher secondary schools. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 15(4), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2021/v15i430263
Dow, K. & Downing, E.T. (2011). The atlas of climate change: Mapping the world's greatest challenge. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dupigny-Giroux, L-A. L. (2010). Exploring the challenges of climate science literacy: Lessons from students, teachers, and lifelong learners. Geography Compass, 4(9), 1203-1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00368.x
Duvall, J. & Zint, M. (2007). A review of research on the effectiveness of environmental education in promoting intergenerational learning. The Journal of Environmental Education, 38(4), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.38.4.14-24
Ennes, M., Lawson, D.F., Stevenson, K. T., Peterson M. N. & Jones, M.G. (2021). It’s about time: perceived barriers to in-service teacher climate change professional development. Environmental Education Research, 27(5), 762-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.1909708
Eze, E., Nwagu, E. K.N. & Onuoha, J. C. (2022). Nigerian teachers' self-reported climate science literacy and expressed training needs on climate change concepts: Prospects of job-embedded situative professional development. Science Education, 106, 1535– 1567. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21743
Φλογαΐτη, Ε., Λιαράκου, Γ. και Γαβριλάκης, Κ. (2021). Συμμετοχικές μέθοδοι διδασκαλίας και μάθησης. Εφαρμογές στην εκπαίδευση για το περιβάλλον και την αειφορία. Αθήνα: Πεδίο.
Fortner, R. W. (2001). Climate change in school: Where does it fit and how ready are we?. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 6, 18-31. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ661760
Fox, A., Addison-Pettit, P., Lee, C., Stutchbury, K., Together with Masters Students on the Module EE830: Educating the Next Generation. (2019). Using a masters course to explore the challenges and opportunities of incorporating sustainability into a range of educational contexts. In: Leal Filho, W., Hemstock, S. (eds) Climate change and the role of education. Climate change management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32898-6_13
Havea, P. H., Tamani, A., Takinana, A., De Ramon N’ Yeurt, A., Hemstock, S. L. & Des Combes, H. J. (2019). Addressing climate change at a much younger age than just at the decision-making level: Perceptions from primary school teachers in Fiji. In: Leal Filho, W., Hemstock, S. (eds) Climate change and the role of education. Climate change management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32898-6_9
Hestness, E., McDonald, R.C., Breslyn, W., McGinnis, J. R. & Mouza, C. (2014). Science teacher professional development in climate change education informed by the Next Generation Science Standards. Journal of Geoscience Education, 62(3), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.5408/13-049.1
Ibourk, A., Wagner, L. & Zogheib, K. (2024). Developing Elementary Teachers’ Climate Change Knowledge and Self-efficacy for Teaching Climate Change Using Learning Technologies. Journal of Science Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-024-10187-9
IPCC. (2012). Summary for Policymakers. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-19. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_FD_SPM_final-2.pdf
IPCC. (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
IPCC. (2023). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001
Jensen, B. B. & Schnack, K. (1997). The action competence approach in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 3(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350462970030205
Jie Li, C., Monroe, M.C., Oxarart, A. & Ritchie, T. (2021). Building teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching about climate change through educative curriculum and professional development. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 20(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2019.1617806
Kahyaoğlu, M. (2014). The research of relationship between environmentally aware prospective teachers’ qualities and self-efficacy beliefs towards environmental education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4493–4497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.973
Lawson, D. F., Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M.N., Carrier, S. J., Strnad, R. L. & Seekamp, E. (2019). Children can foster climate change concern among their parents. Nature Climate Change, 9(6), 458–462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0463-3
Leal Filho, W. & Hemstock, S.L. (Eds.). (2019a). Climate change and the role of education. Climate change management. Springer, Cham.
Leal Filho, W. & Hemstock, S.L. (2019b). Climate change education: An overview of international trends and the need for action. In: Leal Filho, W., Hemstock, S. (eds) Climate change and the role of education. Climate change management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32898-6_1
Ledley T.S., Rooney-Varga, J. & Niepold F. (2017). Addressing climate change through education. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.56
Lee, K., Gjersoe, N.L., O'Neill, S.J. & Barnett, J. (2020). Youth perceptions of climate change: A narrative synthesis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.641
Lewis, G.B., Palm, R., & Feng, B. (2018). Cross-national variation in determinants of climate change concern. Environmental Politics, 28(5), 793-821. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1512261
Liu, Y., Song, Y., & Wang, X. (2022). Increasing Preservice Science Teachers’ Climate Change Knowledge, Hope, and Self-Efficacy in an Online Chemistry Course, Journal of Chemical Education, 99 (7), 2465-2473. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00074
Malandrakis, G., Papadopoulou, P., Gavrilakis, C. & Mogias, A. (2019) An education for sustainable development self-efficacy scale for primary pre-service teachers: construction and validation. The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2018.1492366
Marchezini, V. & Londe, L.R. (2020). Looking to future perceptions about climate change in Brazil: What children’s teachers think, learn and teach about?. Natural Hazards, 104, 2325–2337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04274-4
Milér, T., Hollan, J., Válek, J. & Sládek, P. (2012). Teachers’ understanding of climate change. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 1437–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.083
Monroe, M. C., Plate, R. R., Oxarart, A., Bowers, A., & Chaves, W. A. (2019). Identifying effective climate change education strategies: a systematic review of the research. Environmental Education Research, 25(6), 791–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1360842
National Research Council [NRC]. (2012). Climate change. Evidence impacts and choices: Pdf Booklet. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/14673 Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu/resource/12781/Climate-Change-Lines-of-Evidence.pdf
OECD (2014). TALIS 2013 Results. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/talis-2013-results_9789264196261-en
Oxfam. (2019). Climate change education report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.sos-uk.org/research/climate-change-education-teachers-views
Pajares, F., & Urdan, T. (2006). Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. Information Age Publishing.
Parry, S. & Metzger, E. (2023). Barriers to learning for sustainability: a teacher perspective. Sustain Earth Reviews, 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-022-00050-3
Plutzer, E., McCaffrey, M., Hannah, A.L., Rosenau, J., Berbeco, M. & Reid, A.H. (2016). Climate confusion among U.S. teachers. Science, 351(6274), 664-665. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3907
Raath, S. & Hay, A. (2016). Self-efficacy: A South African case study on teachers’ commitment to integrate climate change resilience into their teaching practices. Cogent Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1264698
Shea, N.A., Mouza, C. & Drewes, A. (2016). Climate change professional development: Design, implementation, and initial outcomes on teacher learning, practice, and student beliefs. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 27, 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-016-9456-5
Tschannen-Moran, M. & Barr, M. (2004). Fostering student learning: The relationship of collective teacher efficacy and student achievement. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 3(3), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700760490503706
Tschannen-Moran, M. & Hoy, A.W. (2007). The differential antecedents of self-efficacy beliefs of novice and experienced teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23, 944-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.05.003
UNESCO. (2017). Education for sustainable development goals: learning objectives. UNESCO, Paris, France. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.de/sites/default/files/2018-08/unesco_education_for_sustainable_development_goals.pdf
UNFCCC. (2003). Caring for climate. A guide to the climate change convention and the Kyoto Protocol. Climate change Secretariat (UNFCCC). Bonn, Germany. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/caring_en.pdf
Wang, H.H., Bhattacharya, D., & Nelson, B. J. (2019): Secondary agriculture teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and, teaching practices of climate change. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 26(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2019.1699126
Wise, S. B. (2010). Climate change in the classroom: Patterns, motivations, and barriers to instruction among Colorado Science teachers. Journal of Geoscience Education, 58(5), 297-309. https://doi.org/10.5408/1.3559695
Zee, M. & Koomen, H.M.Y. (2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, Student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981–1015. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
Zografakis, N., Menegaki, A.N. & Tsagarakis, K.P. (2008). Effective education for energy efficiency. Energy Policy, 36, 3226–3232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.021
Most read articles by the same author(s)