Effects of organic acids on the gut ecosystem and on the performance of broiler chickens


M. ANDREOPOULOU (Μ. ΑΝΔΡΕΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
V. TSIOURIS (Β. ΤΣΙΟΥΡΗΣ)
I. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ)
Resumen

Organic acids are studied as candidate alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Their action is related to the pH reduction of the intestinal digesta, affecting the gut ecosystem in numerous ways. Intestinal microbiota can be altered as a result of the remarkable antibacterial activity of organic acids and the growth enhancement of non-pathogenic beneficial microorganisms, due to exclusive competition. Antibacterial activity has been widely reported for many poultry pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., both in vitro and in vivo. However, it seems to depend on many factors concerning the weak acid used and the gut ecosystem. Apart from the microbiota, diet supplementation of organic acids has trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa, modifying the morphologic characteristics of intestinal villi and crypts and maintaining epithelial integrity. Furthermore, as found recently, organic acids have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating properties. Diet acidification increases gastric proteolysis and the utilization of proteins and amino acids, affects pancreatic secretions and mineral absorption. There are also reports for an effect on appetite and palatability of the feed. All these properties attributed to organic acids have either a direct or indirect effect on the performance and health, even though the results presented for poultry lack consistency. Nonetheless, the benefits of organic acids can have practical application in the control of clinical and subclinical conditions, but more research is needed to study these perspectives.

Article Details
  • Sección
  • Review Articles
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Citas
Abdel-Fattah SA, EI-Sanhoury MH, EI-Mednay NM, Abdul-Azeem F (2008) Thyroid activity of broiler chicks fed supplemental organic acids. Int J Poultry Sci 7:215–222.
Acikgoz Z, Bayraktar H, Altan O (2011) Effects of Formic Acid Administration in the Drinking Water on Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Carcass Contamination in Male Broilers under High Ambient Temperature. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 24:96-102.
Adil S, Banday T, Ahmad Bhad G, Sallahudin M, Rehman M (2010) Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Organic Acids
on Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicken. Vet Med Int 2010: 479-485.
Alakomi HL, Skytta E, Saarela M, Mattila-Sandholm T, Latva-Kala K, Helander IM (2000) Lactic acid permeabilizes Gramnegative bacteria by disrupting the outer membrane. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2001–2005.
Antogiovanni M, Buccioni A, Petacchi F, Leeson S, Minieri S, Martini A, Cecchi R (2007) Butyric acid glycerides in the diet
of broiler chickens: Effects on gut histology and carcass composition. Ital J Anim Sci 6:19-25.
Berchieri AJr, Barrow PA (1996) Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial fomic acid preparation (Bio-AddTM) into poultry feed. Poultry Sci 75:339-341.
Brenes A, Viveros A, Arija I, Centeno C, Pizarro M, Bravo C (2003) The effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on mineral utilization in broiler chicks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 110:201–219.
Cave NG (1982) Effect of dietary short- and medium chain fatty acids on feed intake by chicks. Poultry Sci 61:1147-1153.
Chaveerach P, Keuzenkamp DA, Urlings HAP, Lipman LJA, Van Knapen F (2002) In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed. Poultry Sci 81:621-628.
Chaveerach P,Keuzenkamp DA, Lipman LJΑ, Van Knapen F (2004) Effect of organic acids in drinking water for young broilers on Campylobacter infection, volatile fatty acid production, gut microflora and histological cell changes. Poultry Sci 83:330-334.
Cherrington CA, HintonM, Mead GC, Chopra I (1991) Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial activity and practical applications. Adv Microb Physiol 32:87–108.
Chowdhury R, Islam KMS, Khan MJ, Karim MR, Haque MN, Khatun M, Pesti GM (2009) Effect of citric acid, avilamycin and their combination on the performance, tibia ash, and immune status of broilers. Poultry Sci 88:1616-1622.
Davidson PM (2001) Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds. In: (eds: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR, Montville TJ) Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd edn. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp. 593–627.
De Arruda Campos MP, Rabello CBV, Sakomura NK, Longo FA, Kuana S, Gut F (2004) Use of fumaric acid in the diets on the performance of broiler chickens with low metabolisable energy. Acta Scie-Animal Sci 26:35–39.
Dibner JJ, Buttin P (2002) Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. J Appl Poultry Res 11: 453-463.
Dixon RC, Hamilton PB (1981) Effect of feed ingredients on the antifungal activity of propionic acid. Poultry Sci 60:2407–
Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F, Teirlynck E, Pasmans F, Fievez V, Snauwaert C, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Louis P,
Vandamme P (2008) Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum gen. nov., sp. nov, an anaerobic, butyrate-producing bacterium isolated from the caecal content of a broiler chicken. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2799-2802.
Esmaeilipour O, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Rezaian M, Aminzadeh S, Van Krimpen MM (2012) Effects of diet acidification and xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, duodenal histology and gut microflora of broilers
fed wheat based diet. Br Poultry Sci 53:235-44.
Fernández-Rubio C, Ordóñez C, Abad-González J, Garcia-Gallego A, Honrubia MP, Mallo JJ, Balaña-Fouce R (2009) Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Sci 88:943-948.
Floch MH (2010) The Effect of Probiotics on Host Metabolism: The microbiota and fermentation. J Clin Gastroenter 44:19-21.
Florou-Paneri F, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Kalaousis A, Spais AB (2001) Performance of broilers and the hydrogen ion concentration in their digestive tract following feeding of diets with different buffering capacities. Arch Geflugelkd 65:1-5.
Foster JW (2001) Acid stress responses of Salmonella and E.coli: Survival mechanisms, regulation, and implications for pathogenesis. J Microbiol 39:89–94.
Frankel WL, Zhang W, Singh A, Klurfeld DM, Don T, Sakata S, Modlin I, Rombeau JL (1994) Mediation of the trophic effects of short-chain fatty acids on the rat jejunum and colon. Gastroenterology 106:375–380.
Friedman A, Bar-Shira E (2005) Effect of nutrition on development of immune competence in chickens gut associated lymphoid system. Proceedings of the 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (Balatonfared, Hungary), pp. 234-242.
Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Hautefort I, Thompson A, Hinton JC, Van Immerseel F (2006) Butyrate specifically down-regulates Salmonella pathogenicity island gene expression. Appl Envirom Microbiol 72:946–949.
Garcia V, Catala-Gregory P, Hernandez F, Megias MD, Madrid J (2007) Effect of Formic Acid and Plant Extracts on Growth,Nutrient Digestibility, Intestine Mucosa Morphology, and Meat Yield of Broilers. J Appl Poul Res 16:555-562.
Gauthier R, Grilli E, Piva A (2007) A microencapsulated blend of organic acids and natural identical flavours reduces necrotic enteritis-associated damages in broiler chickens. Proceedings of 16th European symposium on poultry nutrition (Strasburg, France), pp. 515-518.
Giannenas IA (2006) Organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition. J Hell Vet Med Soc 57:51-62.
Haque MN, Chowdhury R, Islam KMS, Abkar MA (2009) Propionic acid is an alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. Bang J Anim Sci 38:115-122.
Hernandez F, Garcia V, Madrid J, Orengo J, Catala P, Megias MD (2006) Effect of formic acid on performance, digestibility, intestinal histomorphology and plasma metabolite levels of broiler chickens. Brit Poultry Sci 47:50–56.
Houshmand M, Azhar K., Zulkifli I, Bejo MH, Meimandipour A, Kamyab A (2011) Effects of non-antibiotic feed additives on performance, tibial dyschondroplasia incidence and tibia characteristics of broilers fed low-calcium diets. J Anim Physiol 95:351–358.
Hume ME, Corrier DE, Ivie GW, DeLoach JR (1993) Metabolism of [14C] propionic acid in broiler chicks. Poultry Sci 72:786–793.
Izat AL, Tidwell NM, Thomas RA, Reiber MA, Adams MH, Colberg M, Waldroup PW (1990) Effects of a buffered
propionic acid in diets on the performance of broiler chickens and on microflora of the intestine and carcass. Poultry Sci
:818-826.
Jang JP (2011) Comparative effect of achillea and butyric acid on performance, carcass traits and serum composition of broiler chickens. Ann Biol Res 2:469-473.
Jerzsele A, Szeker K, Csizinszky R, Gere E, Jakab C, Mallo JJ, Galfi P (2012) Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poultry Sci 91:837-843.
Kazempour F, Jahanian R (2011) Effect of different supplemental organic acids on immunocompetence and some blood
metabolites in laying hens fed varying nonphytate phosphorus levels. Proceedings of 18th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (Izmir, Turkey), pp. 665-667.
Katanbaf MN, Dunnington EA, Siegel PB (1989) Restricted feeding in early and late-feathering chickens. Growth and physiological responses. Poultry Sci 68:344-351.
Kocher A, Choct M (2008) The efficacy of organic acids, prebiotics and enzyme in controlling necrotic enteritis. RIRDC Project No UNE–75A, Publication No 08/149.
Leeson S, Namkung H, Antongiovanni M, Lee EH (2005) Effect of butyric acid on the performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci 84:1418-1422.
Liem A, Pesti GM, Edwards HMJr (2008) The effect of several organic acids on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broiler
chicks. Poultry Sci 87:689–693.
Mansoub NH, Rahimpour K., MahediAsl L, Mohammad Nezhady MA, Zabihi SL, Kalhori MM (2011) Effects of Different Level of butyric acid glycerides on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. World J Zool 6:179-182.
Marcos MV, José F, Machado M, Sônia C, Daróz de M, Mônica Maria de A (2004) Mixture of formic and propionic acid as additives in broiler feeds. Sci Agric 61:371-375.
Namkung H, Yu H, Gong J, Leeson S (2011) Antimicrobial activity of butyrate glycerides toward Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens. Poultry Sci 90:2217-2222.
Neal-McKinney JM, Lu X, Duong T, Larson CL, Call DR, Shah DH, Konkel ME (2012) Production of organic acids probiotic lactobacilli can be used to reduce pathogen load in poultry. PLOS ONE 7:e43928.
Orban JI, Roland DA, Cummins K, Loveli RT (1993) Influences of large doses of ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics, and eggshell quality in broilers and Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci 72:691-700.
Owens B, Tucker L, Collins MA, McCracken KJ (2008) Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology. Brit Poultry Sci 49:202-212.
Partanen KH, Mroz Z (1999) Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets. Nutr Res Rev 12:1-30.
Paul SK, Halder G, Mondal MK, Samanta G (2007) Effect of organic acid salt on performance and gut health of broiler chicken. J Poultry Sci 44:389-395.
Pelicano ERL, Souza PA, Souza HBA, Figueiredo DF, Boiago MM, Carvalho SR, Bordon VF (2005) Intestinal mucosa development in broiler chicken fed natural growth promoters. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 1 Oct/Dic.
Pirgozliev V, Murphy TC, Owens B, George J, McCann MEE (2008) Fumaric and sorbic acid as additives in broiler feed. Res Vet Sci 84:387–394.
Rahmani HR, Speer W (2005) Natural Additives Influence the Performance and Humoral Immunity of Broilers. Int J Poultry Sci 4:713-717.
Roy RD, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Qureshi MA, Havenstein GB (2002) Influence of a propionic acid feed additive on performance of turkey poults with experimentally induced poult enteritis and mortality syndrome1. Poultry Sci 81:951–957.
Russell JB (1992) Another explanation for the toxicity of fermentation nacids at low pH: anion accumulation versus uncoupling. J Appl Bacteriol 73:363-370.
Russell JB, Diez-Gonzales F (1998) The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth. Adv Microb Physiol 39:205-232.
Samanta S,Haldar S, Ghosh TK (2010) Comparative efficacy of an organic acid blend and bacitracin methylene disalicylate as growth promoters in broiler chickens: Effects on performance, gut histology, and small intestinal milieu. Vet Med Int 10:645150.
Scheppach W, Bartram HP, Richter F (1995) Role of short-chain fatty acids in prevention of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 31:1077-1080.
Senkoylu N, Samli HE, Kanter M, Agma A (2007) Influence of a combination of formic and propionic acids added to wheat- and barley-based diets on the performance and gut histomorphology of broiler chickens. Acta Vet Hung 55:479–490.
Snow JL, Baker DH, Parsons CM (2004) Phytase, citric acid, and 1 α-hydroxycholecalciferol improve phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Sci 83:1187–1192.
Spais AB, Giannenas IA, Florou-Paneri P, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA (2002) Effect of Genex, a feed additive containing organic acids and herb extracts, on the performance of broiler chickens. J Hell Vet Med Soc 53:247-256.
Sunkara LT, Achanta M, Schreiber NB, Bommineni YR, Dai G, Jiang W, Lamont S, Lillehoj HS, Beker A, Teeter RG, Zhang
G (2011) Butyrate enhances disease resistance of chickens by inducing antimicrobial host defense peptide gene expression. PLoS One 6:e27225.
Swiatkiewicz S, Koreleski J, Arczewska A (2010) Laying performance and eggshell quality in laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and organic acids. Czech J Anim Sci 55: 294-306.
Taherpour K, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Adibmoradi M,Yakhchali B (2012) Effects of dietary probiotic, prebiotic and butyric acid glycerides on performance and serum composition in broiler chickens. Afr J Biotechnol 8:2329-2334.
Tappenden KA, McBurneyMI (1998) Systemic short-chain fatty acids rapidly alter gastrointestinal structure, function, and
rxpression of early response genes. Digest Dis Sci 43:1526 –1536.
Theron MM, Lues JFR (2011) The evolution of preservation with organic acids: from stone age to space age. In: (eds: Taylor and Francis Group) Organic acids and Food Preservation. LLC, USA, pp. 1-18.
Thompson JL, Hinton M (1997) Antibacterial activity of formic and propionic acids in the diet of hens on salmonellas in the crop. Brit Poultry Sci 38: 59-65.
Thormar H, Hilmarsson H, Bergsson G (2006) Stable concentrated emulsions of the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) with microbial activities against the food-borne bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:522–526.
Timbermont L, Lanckriet A, Dewulf J, Nollet N, Schwarzer K, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F (2010) Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids, and essential oils. Avian Pathol 39:117–121.
Torres-Rodriguez A, Sartor C, Higgins SE, Wolfenden AD, Bielke LR, Pixley CM, Sutton L, Tellez G, Hargis BM (2005) Effect of Aspergillus meal prebiotic (fermacto) on performance of broiler chickens in the starter phase and fed low protein diets. J Appl Poultry Res 14:665–669.
Van Deun K, Pasmans F, Van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R,Haesebrouck F(2008) Butyrate protects Caco-2 cells from Campylobacter jejuni invasion and translocation. Brit J Nutr 100:480–484.
van Immerseel F, De Buck J, De Smet I, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R (2004) Interactions of butyric acid- and acetic acid-treated Salmonella with chicken primary cecal epithelial cells in vitro. Avian Dis 48:384-391.
van Immerseel F, Boyen F, Gantois I, Timbermont L, Bohez L, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R (2005) Supplementation of coated butyric acid in the feed reduces colonization and shedding of Salmonella in poultry. Poultry Sci 84:1851-1856.
van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R, De Vos M, Boon B, Van De Wiele T, Verbeke K, Rutgeerts P, Sas B, Louis P, Flint HJ (2010) Butyric acid-producing bacteria as a novel probiotic treatment approach to the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Microbiol 2010:141-143.
Vieira EL, Leonel AJ, Sad AP, Beltrão NR, Costa TF, Ferreira TM, Gomes-Santos AC, Faria AM, Peluzio MC, Cara DC, Alvarez-Leite JI (2012) Oral administration of sodium butyrate attenuates inflammation and mucosal lesion in experimental acute ulcerative colitis. J Nutr Biochem 23:430-436.
Vogt H, Matthes S, Harnisch S (1981) Der Einflussorganischer Säuren auf die Leistungen von Broilern und Legehennen. Arch Geflügelkd 45: 221-232
Waldroup A, Kaniawato S, Mauromoustakos A (1995) Performance characteristics and microbiological aspects of broiler fed diets supplemented with organic acids. J Food Protect 58: 482-489.
Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a