Children’s sketch: The expression of anxiety and emotions in children’s drawings


Αθηνά Μαρία Γαβριηλίδου
Σπυρίδων Κάμτσιος
Abstract

The purpose of the study is to investigate the expressive strategies used by 11- and 12-year-old children to capture anxiety, positive and negative emotions in their drawing.


The research sample consisted of 60 (5th) and (6th) grade children. Participants completed the following questionnaires: (1) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) and (2) Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS). At the same time, the children were asked to draw a human figure in a specific emotional state: (a) a figure that does not feel any emotion, (b) a figure that feels anxiety, (c) a figure that experiences positive emotions and (d) a figure that experiences negative emotions. The results of the research showed that the participants chose specific expressive strategies to depict the studied emotions. Furthermore, the existence of a relationship between the experience of emotions and the way children presents each emotion in their drawing was identified. The results of the study are discussed in the context of the modern literature concerning the study of children's drawings.

Article Details
  • Section
  • Articles
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Αλεβίζος, Β. (2008). Άγχος. Ιατρικές και κοινωνικές διαστάσεις. Βήτα. Ιατρικές Εκδόσεις.
Berjot, S., & Gillet, N. (2011). Stress and coping with discrimination and stigmatization. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00033
Brechet, C., Baldy, R., & Picard, D. (2009). How does Sam feel?: Children’s labelling and drawing of basic emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X345564
Broeren, S., Muris, P., Diamantopoulou, S., Baker, J. R. (2013). The course of childhood anxiety symptoms: developmental trajectories and child-related factors in normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9669-9
Burkitt, E. (2016). The effects of task explicitness to communicate on the expressiveness of children's drawings of different topics. Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 37(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1150422
Cowen, A. (2018, May 9). How Many Different Kinds of Emotion are There? Frontiers. Young Minds, 6(15). https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2018.00015
Δασκάλου, Β. & Συγκολλίτου, Ε. (2012). (Προσαρμογή και Επιμέλεια). In Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. Κλίμακα Θετικού και Αρνητικού Συναισθήματος (PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Scales). Στο Α. Σταλίκας, Σ. Τριλίβα, & Π. Ρούσση (Επιμ. Έκδ.), Τα ψυχομετρικά εργαλεία στην Ελλάδα (σελ. 750). Πεδίο.
Daskalou, V., & Syngollitou, Ε. (2012). Η προσαρμογή της κλίμακας του θετικού και του αρνητικού συναισθήματος (PANAS, Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) στον Ελληνικό πληθυσμό. Στο K. Hefferon & I. Boniwell (2019, Σ. Λεοντοπούλου Επιμ.). Θετική Ψυχολογία. Θεωρία, Έρευνα και Εφαρμογές. Gutenberg.
Díaz-García, A., González-Robles, A., Mor, S., Mira, A., Quero, S., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2020). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): psychometric properties of the online Spanish version in a clinical sample with emotional disorders. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 56.
Dudd, J. W. (2015, April 13). A Conversation with the Psychologist Behind ‘Inside Out’. Retrieved from: Pacific Standard.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Gloria, C.T., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2016). Relationships among positive emotions, coping, resilience and mental health. Stress and Health : Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 32(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2589
Gross, A. L., & Ballif, B. (1991). Children's understanding of emotion from facial expressions and situations: A review. Developmental Review, 11(4), 368–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(91)90019-K
Hadwin, J. A., Garner, M., & Perez-Olivas, G. (2006). The development of information processing biases in childhood anxiety: a review and exploration of its origins in parenting. Clinical psychology review, 26(7), 876–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.004
Han H. R. (2009). Measuring anxiety in children: a methodological review of the literature. Asian nursing research, 3(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(09)60016-5
Jolley, R.P., Fenn, K., & Jones, L. (2004). The Development of Children's Expressive Drawing. British Journal of Development Psychology, 22(4), 545-567. https://doi.org/10.1348/0261510042378236
Kάκουρος, Ε., & Μανιαδάκη, Κ. (2003). Ψυχοπαθολογία Παιδιών και Εφήβων - Αναπτυξιακή Προσέγγιση. Τυπωθήτω.
Keltner, D., & Ekman, P. (2015, July 3). The Science of ‘Inside Out’. Retrieved from: The New York Times.
Machover, K. (1949). Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure: A method of personality investigation. Charles C Thomas Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1037/11147-000
Muris, P., Van der Pennen, E., Sigmond, R., & Mayer, B. (2008). Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and aggression in non-clinical children: relationships with self-report and performance-based measures of attention and effortful control. Child psychiatry and human development, 39(4), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0101-1
Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Black, S. A., & Goodwin, J. S. (2000). Emotional well-being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), 473–478.
Parsons, L. M. (1987). Imagined spatial transformation of one's body. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(2), 172–191.
Picard, D., & Gauthier, C. (2012). The development of expressive drawing abilities during childhood and into adolescence. Child Development Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/925063
Picard, D., Brechet, C., & Baldy, R. (2007). Expressive strategies in drawing are related to age and topic. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31(4), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-007-0035-5
Psychountaki, M., Zervas, Y., Karteroliotis, K., & Spielberger, C. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the STAIC. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.19.2.124
Spielberger, C. D., Gonzalez-Reigosa, F., Martinez-Urrutia, A., Natalicio, L. F., & Natalicio, D. S. (2017). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Revista Interamericana De Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 5, 3-4.
Spielberger, C. D., Edward, C. D., Lushene, R. E., Montouri, J. & Platzek, D. (1973). STAIC Preliminary Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (“How I Feel Questionnaire”). Consulting Psychological Press Inc.
Stallings, P., & March, J. S. (1995). Assessment. In J. S. March (Ed.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 125–147). Guilford Press.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346
Zsido, A. N., Teleki, S. A., Csokasi, K., Rozsa, S., & Bandi, S. A. (2020). Development of the short version of the spielberger state—trait anxiety inventory. Psychiatry research, 291, 113223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113223
Most read articles by the same author(s)