Δημοσιονομική Διακυβέρνηση στην Ευρωζώνη: Από το Μάαστριχτ στην κρίση και πάλι πίσω;


Δημοσιευμένα: Jul 29, 2020
Δημήτρης Κατσίκας
Περίληψη

Ο καθορισμός του βέλτιστου επιπέδου και των μέσων δημοσιονομικής διακυβέρνησης σε μια νομισματική ένωση κυρίαρχων κρατών δεν είναι εύκολο έργο. Μια νομισματική ένωση πρέπει να διαθέτει ένα ολοκληρωμένο πλαίσιο δημοσιονομικής διακυβέρνησης, το οποίο θα επιτρέπει ευελιξία για την αντιμετώ-πιση ασύμμετρων σοκ στα διάφορα κράτη μέλη· θα αποθαρρύνει τη δημοσιονομική κακοδιαχείριση και θα ελαχιστοποιεί τις δευτερογενείς επιπτώσεις όταν αυτή συμβαίνει· θα παρέχει τα μέσα για αποτελεσματική δημοσιονομική διαχείριση κατά τη διάρκεια του οικονομικού κύκλου και θα δημιουργεί τους απαραίτητους μηχανισμούς για την αντιμετώπιση ενός κοινού εξωτερικού σοκ. Η δημοσιονομική διακυβέρνηση που σχεδιάστηκε στο Μάαστριχτ ήταν ασύμμετρη και ελλιπής. Καθιέρωσε μια αποκεντρωμένη προσέγγιση «ατομικής ευθύνης», χωρίς αποτελε-σματικό μηχανισμό συμμόρφωσης και χωρίς μηχανισμούς στήριξης για περιόδους οικονομικών αναταράξεων. Οι αδυναμίες της, αποκαλύφθηκαν από την παγκόσμια χρηματοπιστωτική κρίση και συνέβαλαν στην επιδείνωση της κρίσης στην Ευρωζώνη οδηγώντας σε μια δεύτερη κρίση χρέους και σε διπλή ύφεση. Η έλλειψη θεσμικών δικλείδων για την αντιμετώπιση της κρίσης μετέτρεψε τον χειρισμό της σε μια de facto πολιτική, και ως εκ τούτου, διακυβερνητική διαδικασία όπου οι πιστώτριες χώρες, βρισκόμενες σε μια εξαιρετικά πλεονεκτική διαπραγματευτική θέση, υπαγόρευσαν τόσο τους όρους των συμφωνιών διάσωσης όσο και αυτούς της μεταρρύθμισης της δημοσιονομικής διακυβέρνησης. Όντας ουσιαστικά μια ενισχυμένη έκδοση του πλαισίου που προϋπήρχε της κρίσης, η νέα δημοσιονομική διακυβέρνηση στέφθηκε με περιορισμένη επιτυχία στην προσπάθειά της να εξι-σορροπήσει αντικρουόμενους στόχους· είναι ταυτόχρονα πιο περιοριστική και πιο επιρρεπής σε πολιτικούς ελιγμούς· ολοένα και πιο πολύπλοκη, αφήνοντας παράλληλα περισσότερο περιθώριο για διαφορετικές ερμηνείες, χωρίς να είναι τελικά πιο αποτελεσματική. Ως αποτέλεσμα, λίγα μόλις χρόνια μετά την εφαρμογή της, οι εκκλήσεις για μια νέα μεταρρύθμιση πολλαπλασιάζονται.

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