Protest movements in the digital world


Published: Apr 4, 2026
Keywords:
social media protest movements storytelling
Konstntinos Zervas
Abstract

The article critically examines the role of social media in shaping, organizing, and driving the dynamics of contemporary protest movements. It argues that the proliferation of digital platforms has fundamentally transformed collective action by lowering the costs of mobilization and coordination, enabling the rapid dissemination of information, and facilitating connections among individuals and groups with shared objectives. Simultaneously, the article emphasizes that the circulation of emotionally charged images, videos, and narratives enhances both the visibility and durability of protest movements, effectively blurring the boundaries between digital and physical spaces. The text conceptualizes protest as a form of collective action and traces the transformation of protest repertoires in the digital age, from traditional offline practices augmented by the Internet to emergent online forms of activism, including virtual activism and hacktivism. Particular emphasis is placed on the theory of "connective action," which posits that digital networks enable loosely structured, self-organized modes of mobilization, often operating without centralized leadership or strongly defined collective identities. Drawing on the case of the Brent Spar dispute between Greenpeace and Shell, the article illustrates how the Internet can amplify organizational narratives, mobilize transnational audiences, and exert pressure on powerful corporate actors. Furthermore, it examines the communication strategies employed by organizations such as Greenpeace and PETA, with particular attention to the "scandal strategy" and the strategic use of storytelling to foster emotional engagement and generate public pressure. In conclusion, the article contends that social media constitutes a critical instrument for protest movements and advocacy organizations, although its influence is neither deterministic nor independent of broader social and political contexts. Its effectiveness is contingent upon the interplay of technological affordances, narrative strategies, and forms of collective mobilization, while simultaneously carrying the risk of fostering polarization and tokenistic forms of participation.

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