An empirical investigation of xenophobia in the contemporary society of Greece: Socio-demographic and socio-psychological contributory factors


Published: Oct 15, 2020
Keywords:
Xenophobia Political xenophobia Material threats Symbolic threats Ideological attitudes
Αναστασία Ζήση
Σωτήρης Χτουρής
Γιώργος Σταλίδης
Κώστας Ρόντος
Abstract

In this article, we present research evidence of a national survey on xenophobia (N = 1.838) and host-immigrant relations carried out in the contemporary society of Greece facing a deep and severe economic crisis. The theoretical and research design of the study draws on the integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000) and the right-wing
authoritarian theory (Altemeyer, 1981) that have been extensively used in the research area of social psychology of prejudice and inter-group discrimination. The Principal Correspondence Analysis shows that
the overall negative attitude towards the immigrants and political xenophobia are related to sociodemographic characteristics such as low education level, low income and negative change someone’s economic position. The overall negative attitude towards the immigrants and political xenophobia are also related to socio-psychological processes such as perceived threats and strong ideological beliefs of social
conformity and conservatism. Our results support the existence of varieties of xenophobia.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Adorno, T.W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D.J., &
Sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian
Personality. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing Authoritarianism.
Manitoba: The University of Manitoba Press.
Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of Freedom. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The Authoritarian Specter.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Banton, M.B. (1996). The cultural determinants of
xenophobia. Anthropology Today, 12, 8-12.
Benzecri, J.P. (1973). L’ analyse des Donnes: L’
analyse des Correspondances. Paris: Dunod.
Benzecri, J.P., Lebeaux, M.O., & Jambu, M.
(1980). Aides a l’interprétation en classification
automatique. Cahiers de L’analyse des Données,
, 101-123.
Bogardus, E.S. (1933). A social distance scale.
Sociology and Social Research, 17, 265-271.
Βούλγαρης, Γ., Δώδος, Δ., Καφετζής, Π., Λυριντζής,
Χ., Μιχαλοπούλου, Κ., Νικολακόπουλος, Η.,
Σπουρδαλάκης, Μ. & Τσουκαλάς, Κ. (1995). Η
πρόσληψη και η αντιμετώπιση του « άλλου» στη
σημερινή Ελλάδα. Πορίσματα εμπειρικής έρευ-
νας. Ελληνική Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής Επιστήμης,
, 81-100.
Canetti-Nisim, D. & Pedahzur, A. (2003). Contributory
factors in a multi-cultural society : the case of
Israel. International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, 27, 303-333.
Cohrs, J.C. & Asbrock, F. (2009). Right-wing
Η εμπειρική μελέτη της ξενοφοβίας στην Ελλάδα σήμερα 191
authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and
prejudice against threatening and competitive
ethnic groups. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 39, 270-289.
Cohrs, J. C., & Stelzl, M. (2010). How ideological
attitudes predict host society members’ attitudes
toward immigrants: Exploring cross-national
differences. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 673-694.
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive
motivational theory of ideology and prejudice.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33,
-113.
Duckitt, J. & Sibley, C.G. (2007). Right wing
authoritarianism, social dominance orientation
and the dimensions of generalized prejudice.
European Journal of Personality, 21, 113-130.
Duriez, B. & Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern
fascism: A comparison of social dominance
orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and
Individual Differences, 32, 1199-1213.
Duriez, B., Van Hiel., A. & Kossowska, M. (2005).
Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western
and Eastern Europe: The importance of the
sociopolitical context and of political interest and
involvement. Political Psychology, 26, 299-320.
Δώδος, Δ., Καφετζής, Π., Μιχαλοπούλου, Α. & Νικο-
λακόπουλος, Η. (1996). Ξενοφοβία και ρατσι-
σμός στην Ελλάδα 1988-1992. Στο Δ. Καραντι-
νός, Λ. Μαράτου-Αλιμπράντη και Ε. Φρονίμου
(επιμ.), Διαστάσεις του κοινωνικού αποκλεισμού
στην Ελλάδα. Αθήνα: ΕΚΚΕ.
Ekehammar, B., Akram, N., Gylze, M. & Zakrisson, I.
(2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big five
personality, social dominance orientation or rightwing
authoritarianism? European Journal of
Personality, 18, 463-482.
Esses, V.M., Haddock, G.., & Zanna, M.P. (1993).
Values, stereotypes and emotions as
determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D.M.
Mackie & D.L. Hamilton (Ed.), Affect, Cognition
and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group
Perception (pp. 137-166). Orlando, FL: Academic.
Esses, V.M., Jackson, L.M., Dovidio, J.F., & Hodson,
G. (2005). Instrumental relations among groups:
Group competition, conflict and prejudice. In J.F.
Dovidio, P. Glick & L.A. Rudman (Ed.), On The
Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport (pp.
-243). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Φίγγου, Ε. (2010). Ρητορικές κατασκευές της «ελλη-
νικότητας» στο λόγο περί μετανάστευσης: Εθνι-
κή ταυτότητα και χρόνος. Στο: Σ. Παπαστάμου,
Γ. Προδρομίτης & Β. Παυλόπουλος (Επιμ.) Κοι-
νωνική Σκέψη, Νόηση και Συμπεριφορά: 29 Έλ-
ληνες Κοινωνικοί Ψυχολόγοι Ανα-Κρίνουν την Επι-
στήμη τους (σελ. 463-490). Αθήνα: Πεδίο.
Greenacre, M.J. (2007). Correspondence Analysis in
Practice (2nd Ed.). Boca Raton: Chapman &
Hall/CRC.
Pettigrew, T.F. & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and
blatant prejudice in western Europe. European
Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to
perceived group threat: population composition
and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe.
American Sociological Review, 60, 586-612.
Rouanet, H., Werner, A., & Brigitte, R. (2000). The
geometric analysis of questionnaires: The lesson
of Βourdieu’s la distinction. Bulletin de
Méthodologie Sociologique, 65, 5-18.
Sampson, R.J., Raundenbush, S.W., & Earls, F.
(1997). Neighbourhoods and violent crime: A
multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science,
, 918-924.
Sherif, M. (1966). Group Conflict and Cooperation.
London, UK: Routledge.
Skenderovic D. (2007). Immigration and the radical
right in Switzerland: ideology, discourse and
opportunities. Patterns of Prejudice, 41, 155-176.
Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup
anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-176.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C.W. (2000). An
integrated threat theory of prejudice. In: S.
Oskamp (Ed.), Claremont Symposium on Applied
Social Psychology (pp. 23-46). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (2001). Improving
Intergroup Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stephan, W.G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999).
Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 29, 2221-2237.
Watts, M.W. (1996). Political xenophobia in the
transition from socialism: Threat, racism, and
ideology among East German youth. Political
Psychology, 17, 97-126.
Watts, M.W. (1997). Xenophobia in United Germany:
Generations, Modernization and Ideology. New
York: St. Martin’s Press.
Χρυσοχόου, Ξ. (2011). Πολυπολιτισμική Πραγματικό-
τητα: Οι Κοινωνιοψυχολογικοί Προσδιορισμοί της
Πολιτισμικής Πολλαπλότητας. Αθήνα: Πεδίο.
Most read articles by the same author(s)