Mental health literacy of Greek teachers: Highlighting critical factors for identifying and supporting students in need


Published: Feb 8, 2025
Keywords:
mental health literacy, teacher training, prevention, student problems, School policy
Eleftheria Spyropoulou
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-209X
Christina Athanasiades
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4916-9328
Ariadni Stogiannidou
Elias Kourkoutas
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5855-2778
Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the level of teachers’ literacy and comfort in relation to mental health issues of children and youth, as well as to highlight the factors that affect teachers’ mental health literacy. The study was addressed to teachers working in public primary and junior high schools of general education. A sample of 843 teachers (542 primary, 301 secondary) completed online the Awareness, Knowledge and Comfort scale consisting of thirteen statements answered on a five-point Likert scale. Results revealed that Greek teachers had on average moderate levels of awareness, knowledge, and comfort regarding students’ mental health issues. T-test of independent samples and One-way ANOVA revealed that demographic characteristics (gender, specialty, educational level, grade level, relevant training, years of service, experience with mental health problems) affected the factors under study. Awareness of the services and procedures to support students was found to constitute a mediating factor in the relationship between knowledge about students’ mental health problems and comfort in managing them. Given that mental health literacy is an urgent topic for teacher preparation to act proactively and support appropriately students in need, the findings provide a wealth of information for the design of relevant educational programs for teachers.

Article Details
  • Section
  • RESEARCH PAPERS
Downloads
References
Alisic, E. (2012). Teachers' perspectives on providing support to children after trauma: A qualitative study. School Psychology Quarterly, 27(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028590
Alradaan, D. (2012). Middle school teachers’ attitudes and perceptions about their role in promoting pupils’ MH in the state of Kuwait [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Exeter]. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/3909
Aluh, D. O., Dim, O. F., & Anene-Okeke, C. G. (2018). MH literacy among Nigerian teachers. Asia-Pacific psychiatry : official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, 10(4), Article e12329. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12329
Andrews, A., McCabe, M., & Wideman-Johnston, T. (2014). MH issues in the schools: Are educators prepared? The Journal of MH Training, Education and Practice, 9(4), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMHTEP-11-2013-0034
Bella, T., Omigbodun, O., & Atilola, O. (2011). Towards school MH in Nigeria: Baseline knowledge and attitudes of elementary school teachers. Advances in School MH Promotion, 4(3), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2011.9715636
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793-828). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bryer, F., & Signorini, J. (2011). Primary pre-service teachers’ understanding of students’ internalising problems of MH and wellbeing. Issues in Educational Research, 21(3), 233-258. http://www.iier.org.au/iier21/bryer.html
Corner, S. (2009). Choosing the right type of rotation in PCA and EFA. JALT Testing & Evaluation SIG newsletter, 13(3), 20-25. https://teval.jalt.org/test/PDF/Brown31.pdf
Corrigan, P. W., & Rao, D. (2012). On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and Strategies for Change. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8), 464-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700804
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
Dang, H. M., Weiss, B., Trung, L., & Ho, H. (2018). MH literacy and intervention program adaptation in the internationalization of school psychology for Vietnam. Psychology in the schools, 55(8), 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22156
Daniszewski, T. D. (2013). Teachers' MH Literacy and Capacity towards Student MH. [Master thesis, University of Western Ontario]. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1165
Doan, S., Steiner, E. D., Pandey, R., & Woo, A. (2023). Teacher well-being and intentions to leave: Finding from the 2023 state of the american teacher survey. American educator panels. Research report. RR-A1108-8. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1108-8.html
Evans, C., Weiss, S. L., & Cullinan, D. (2012). Teacher Perceptions and Behavioral Strategies for Students With Emotional Disturbance Across Educational Environments. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 56(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2011.574170
Fortier, A., Lalonde, G., Venesoen, P., Legwegoh, A. F., & Short, K. H. (2016). Educator MH literacy to scale: from theory to practice. Advances in School MH Promotion, 10(1), 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2016.1252276
Froese-Germain, B., & Riel, R. (2012). Understanding teachers’ perspectives on student MH – Findings from a national survey. Canadian Teachers’ Federation. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544259.pdf
Gable, R. A., Tonelson, S. W., Sheth, M., Wilson, C., & Park, K. L. (2012). Importance, usage, and preparedness to implement evidence-based practices for students with emotional disabilities: A comparison of knowledge and skills of special education and general education teachers. Education & Treatment of Children, 35(4), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2012.0030
Green, J. G., Guzmán, J., Didaskalou, E., Harbaugh, A. G., Segal, N., & LaBillois, J. (2018). Teacher Identification of Student Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Provision of Early Supports: A Vignette-Based Study. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 26(4), 225-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426617740879
Groenewald, C., Emond, A., & Sayal, K. (2009). Recognition and referral of girls with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: case vignette study. Child: care, health and development, 35(6), 767–772. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00984.x
Gulliver, A., Farrer, L., Bennett, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2017). University staff MH literacy, stigma and their experience of students with MH problems. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2017.1367370
Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to MH help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244x-10-113
Hammer, J. H., Vogel, D. L., & Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R. (2013). Men's help seeking: Examination of differences across community size, education, and income. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026813
Hellenic Statistical Authority (2021). Census Results of Population and Housing 2021. https://www.statistics.gr/en/2021-census-res-pop-results
Johnson, C. L., Gross, M. A., Jorm, A. F., & Hart, L. M. (2023). MH Literacy for Supporting Children: A Systematic Review of Teacher and Parent/Carer Knowledge and Recognition of MH Problems in Childhood. Clinical child and family psychology review, 26(2), 569–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00426-7
Jorm, A. F. (2012). MH literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better MH. American Psychologist, 67(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025957
Jorm, A. F., Kitchener, B. A., Sawyer, M. G., Scales, H., & Cvetkovski, S. (2010). MH first aid training for high school teachers: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry, 10(51), 1-12.. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-51
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). MH literacy: A survey of the public’s ability to recognize mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 166(4), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x
Kerebih, H., Abrha, H., Frank, R., & Abera, M. (2016). Perception of primary school teachers to school children’s MH problems in Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 30(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0089
Kidger, J., Donovan, J. L., Biddle, L., Campbell, R., & Gunnel, D.. (2009). Supporting adolescent emotional health in schools: a mixed methods study of student and staff views in England. BMC Public Health, 9, 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-403
Koller, J. R., & Bertel, J. M. (2006). Responding to Today’s MH Needs of Children, Familes and Schools: Revisiting the Preservice Training and Preparation of School-Based Personnel. Education and Treatment of Children, 29(2), 197–217. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42899882
Koller, J. R., Osterlind, S. J., Paris, K., & Weston, K. J. (2004). Differences Between Novice and Expert Teachers' Undergraduate Preparation and Ratings of Importance in the Area of Children's MH. International Journal of MH Promotion, 6(2), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2004.9721930
Kourkoutas, E., Georgiadi, M., & Xatzaki, M. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of pupils’ social dysfunctions: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3870–3880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.387
Kutcher, S., Venn, D., & Szumilas, M. (2009). MH: The next frontier of health education. Education Canada, 49(2), 44-45. https://www.edcan.ca/wp-content/uploads/EdCan-2009-v49-n2-Kutcher.pdf
Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., & Coniglio, C. (2016). MH Literacy: Past, Present, and Future. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 61(3), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743715616609
Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., & Hashish, M. (2016). MH Literacy for Students and Teachers: A “School Friendly” Approach. In M. Hodes, S. Gau (Eds.), Positive MH, Fighting Stigma and Promoting Resiliency for Children and Adolescents (pp 161-172). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804394-3.00008-5
Kutcher, S., Wei, Y, McLuckie, A., & Bullock, L. (2013). Educator MH literacy: a program evaluation of the teacher training education on the MH and high school curriculum guide. Advances in School MH Promotion, 6(2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/1754730X.2013.784615
Langeveld, J., Joa, I., Larsen, T. K., Rennan, J. A., Cosmovici, E., & Johannessen, J. O. (2011). Teachers' awareness for psychotic symptoms in secondary school: the effects of an early detection programme and information campaign. Early intervention in psychiatry, 5(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00248.x
Loades, M. E., & Mastroyannopoulou, K. (2010). Teachers’ recognition of children’s MH problems. Child and Adolescent MH, 15(3), 150-156. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00551.x
Masillo, A., Monducci, E., Pucci, D., Telesforo, L., Battaglia, C., Carlotto, A., Forte, A., Bonaccorsi, E., Romano, A., Fiori Nastro, P., & Girardi, P. (2012). Evaluation of secondary school teachers' knowledge about psychosis: a contribution to early detection. Early intervention in psychiatry, 6(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00298.x
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R. & Ford, T. (2003). The MH of children and adolescents in Great Britain. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(1-2), 185–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954026021000046155
Mohr-Jensen, C., Steen-Jensen, T., Bang-Schnack, M., & Thingvad, H. (2019). What Do Primary and Secondary School Teachers Know About ADHD in Children? Findings From a Systematic Review and a Representative, Nationwide Sample of Danish Teachers. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(3), 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715599206
Ní Chorcora, E., & Swords, L. (2021). MH literacy and help-giving responses of Irish primary school teachers. Irish Educational Studies, 41(4), 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2021.1899029
Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self-report method. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 224–239). The Guilford Press.
Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011). Supporting children’s MH in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022714
Rothì, D. M., Leavey, G., & Best, R. (2008). On the front-line: Teachers as active observers of pupils’ MH. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1217–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.09.011
Singh, D. (2017). Supporting Students and Promoting MH: Experiences of Secondary School MHFA-Certified Teachers. [Master Thesis, University of Toronto]. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/77196
Splett, J. W., Garzona, M., Gibson, N., Wojtalewicz, D., Raborn, A., & Reinke, W. M. (2019). Teacher Recognition, Concern, and Referral of Children’s Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems. School MH, 11(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-09303-z
Spyropoulou, E., & Koutroukis, T. (2021). Managing Open School Units Amid COVID-19 Pandemic through the Experiences of Greek Principals. Implications for Current and Future Policies in Public Education. Administrative Sciences, 11(3), 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030070
Stavrou, M., Fotiou, A., Kanavou, E., & Kokkevi, A. (2023). Adolescents’ psychosocial health In Greece: 2022 findings and trends. Series of Thematic Reports from the Greek arm of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (HBSC/WHO). University MH, Neurosciences, & Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS’. https://www.epipsi.gr/index.php/33-news-events/413-10-2023
Sweileh, W.M. (2021). Global research activity on MH literacy. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00125-5
Tonsing, K.N. (2018). A review of MH literacy in Singapore. Social Work in Health Care, 57(1), 27-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2017.1383335
Trudgen, M., & Lawn, S. (2011). What is the Threshold of Teachers’ Recognition and Report of Concerns About Anxiety and Depression in Students? An Exploratory Study With Teachers of Adolescents in Regional Australia. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21(02), 126–141. http://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.21.2.126
UNESCO. (2020). Global education monitoring report-gender report: a new generation: 25 years of efforts for gender equality in education. https://gem-report-2020.unesco.org/gender-report/teachers-attitudes-on-gender-affect-student-education-experiences/
Walter, H. J., Gouze, K., & Lim, K. G. (2006). Teachers' beliefs about MH needs in inner city elementary schools. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000187243.17824.6c
Wei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J., & Kutcher, S. (2015). MH literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: a scoping review. BMC psychiatry, 15(1), 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0681-9
Wendt, D., & Shafer, K. (2016). Gender and Attitudes about MH help seeking: Results from National data. Health & Social Work, 41(1), e20-e28. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlv089
Whitley, J., Smith, J. D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2013). Promoting MH Literacy Among Educators: Critical in School-Based Prevention and Intervention. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(1), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573512468852
World Health Assembly, 65. (‎2012)‎. Global burden of mental disorders and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the country level: report by the Secretariat. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/78898
World Health Organization. (2021). Comprehensive MH action plan 2013–2030. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/345301
World Health Organization. (2022). World MH report: transforming MH for all. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/world-mental-health-report
Yap, M. B. H., Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2013). Associations between stigma and help-seeking intentions and beliefs: Findings from an Australian national survey of young people. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1154–1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.029
Yu, D. S. F., Lee D. T. F., & Woo J. (2004). Issues and Challenges of Instrument Translation. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26(3), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945903260554
Most read articles by the same author(s)