«Από την ριζοσπαστικοποίηση στον βίαιο εξτρεμισμό και την τρομοκρατία: επίπεδα ανάλυσης, θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις και ο ρόλος του Διαδικτύου»
Published:
Feb 12, 2017
Abstract
Περίληψη
Αναμφισβήτητα, το φαινόμενο της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης αποτελεί σήμερα κεντρικό ζήτημα στην παγκόσμια πολιτική ατζέντα, με το ενδιαφέρον να εστιάζεται στην περίπτωση της θρησκευτικής ριζοσπαστικοποίησης και της Ισλαμιστικής τρομοκρατίας. Η ακαδημαϊκή κοινότητα έχει επικεντρώσει τις προσπάθειές της στον προσδιορισμό των παραγόντων και των μηχανισμών της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης, ιδίως εκείνων που οδηγούν στον βίαιο εξτρεμισμό και την τρομοκρατία. Η άσκηση αυτή αποδεικνύεται εξαιρετικά δύσκολη εξαιτίας του πολυπαραγοντικού χαρακτήρα της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης και των ιδιαίτερα ποικιλόμορφων προφίλ των ατόμων που εμπλέκονται σ’ αυτήν. Στην παρούσα εργασία, αναδεικνύεται η σημασία των διαφορετικών (εν δυνάμει «υποστηρικτικών») περιβαλλόντων της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης ενώ, επιπλέον, παρουσιάζονται ορισμένες από τις κυριότερες θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις του φαινομένου προκειμένου να διαφανεί η ποικιλία και η αλληλόδραση των παραγόντων της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης. Στην συνέχεια, εξετάζεται διεξοδικά η συμβολή του Διαδικτύου, ως «υποστηρικτικό περιβάλλον», στην διαδικασία της ριζοσπαστικοποίησης και της στρατολόγησης, απ’ όπου προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι ο ρόλος του Διαδικτύου είναι τελικά περισσότερο «διευκολυντικός» παρά καθοριστικός.
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the phenomenon of radicalization is now a central issue on the global political agenda, with the emphasis placed mainly on the case of religious radicalization and Islamist terrorism. The academic community has focused its efforts on identifying the factors and mechanisms of radicalization, especially those leading to violent extremism and terrorism. Indeed, this exercise has proved very difficult due to the multifactorial nature of radicalization and the great variety of profiles of people involved in it. This essay highlights the importance of different (potential ‘supportive’) environments of radicalization whilst also presenting some of the main theoretical approaches of the phenomenon in order to indicate the variety and interaction of radicalization factors. Then, it thoroughly examines the contribution of the Internet, as a ‘supportive environment’, in the process of radicalization and recruitment; our conclusion is that the Internet has a more ‘facilitating’ rather than a decisive role.
Article Details
- How to Cite
-
Γιαννάκη Ν., & Πάνος Δ. (2017). «Από την ριζοσπαστικοποίηση στον βίαιο εξτρεμισμό και την τρομοκρατία: επίπεδα ανάλυσης, θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις και ο ρόλος του Διαδικτύου». Science and Society: Journal of Political and Moral Theory, 35, 103–134. https://doi.org/10.12681/sas.10782
- Section
- Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work, not for commercial purposes, with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
ΑΝΑΦΟΡΕΣ
Agnew, R. (2001). ‘Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38 (4): 319-361.
Agnew, R. (2010). ‘A General Strain Theory of Terrorism’, Theoretical Criminology, 14 (2): 131-153.
Berger, J.M. και Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter Census – Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter, Analysis Paper No. 20, March 2015. Washington D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy Brookings.
Bigo, D., Bonelli, L., Guittet, E.P. και Ragazzi, F. (2014). Preventing and Countering Youth Radicalization in the EU. Brussels: European Parliament.
Bott, C., Castan, W.J., Lark, R. και Thompson, G. (2009). Recruitment and Radicalization of School-Aged Youth by International Terrorist Groups. Arlington: Homeland Security Institute.
Boyle, M. (2013). ‘Lone Wolf Terrorism and the Influence of the Internet in France’. Toor Cummings Center for the International Studies and Liberal Arts – CISLA, Senior Integrative Projects, Paper 1, http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/sip/1
Brean, J. (2015). ‘ “ISIL Has Gone Hollywood”: Videos Using Cinematic Effects, Become More Violent in Bid to Up the Ante’, National Post, 10.9.2015, http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/isil-has-gone-hollywood-videos-using-cinematic-effects-becoming-more-violent-in-bid-to-constantly-up-the-ante
Camphuijsen, M. και Vissers, E. (2012). ‘Terrorism and the Mass Media: A Symbiotic Relationship?’, Social Cosmos, 3(1): 14-24.
Christmann, K. (2012). Preventing Religious Radicalization and Violent Extremism, Youth Justice Board, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/396030/preventing-violent-extremism-systematic-review.pdf
Crenshaw, M. (2010). ‘The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century’, Political Psychology, 21 (2): 405-420.
Crenshaw, M. (2012). The Causes of Terrorism. Σε Horgan, J. και Braddock, K. (επιμ.) Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Curcio, S. (2005) ‘The Dark Side of Jihad: How Young Men Detained at Guantanamo Assess Their Experiences’. Σε Benard, C. (επιμ.) A Future for the Young. Options for Helping Middle Eastern Youth Escape the Trap of Radicalization, Working Paper, National Security Research Division, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2006/RAND_WR354.pdf
DeJacimo, G. (2015). The Psychology of Terrorism and Radicalization. Honors Research Projects, http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/62/
Della Porta, D. (2012). ‘On Individual Motivations in Underground Political Organizations’. Σε Horgan, J. και Braddock, K. (επιμ.) Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Della Porta, D. και LaFree, G. (2011). ‘Processes of Radicalisation and De-Radicalisation’, International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6 (1): 4-10.
Euer, K., Van Vossole, A., Groenen, A. και Van Bouchaute, K.. (2014). Strengthening Resilience Against Violent Radicalisation (STRESAVIORA) – Part I: Literature Analysis, http://www.bounce-resilience-tools.eu/sites/5092/files/content/download/files/stresaviora_research_report_part_1.pdf
Freilich, J, και LaFree, G. (2015). ‘Criminology Theory and Terrorism: Introduction to the Special Issue’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 27 (1): 1-8.
Γιαννάκη, Ν. (2016). «Οι Διαφορετικές Διαδρομές της Ριζοσπαστικοποίησης: Από τον Ριζοσπαστισμό, στον Εξτρεμισμό και στην Τρομοκρατία», Νέα Αστυνομία, 103/Κ3077, Απρίλιος 2016.
Γιαννάκη, Ν. και Πάνος, Δ. (2016). «Σημασίες της Ριζοσπαστικοποίησης – Ένα Πολυδιάστατο Φαινόμενο», Αστυνομική Ανασκόπηση, 297: 52-56.
Gill P., Horgan J. και Deckert P. (2014). ‘Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists’, Journal of Forensic Sciences 59 (2): 425-435.
Greene, J.K (2015). ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’, International Studies Capstone Research Papers, Paper 3, Centennial Library. Ohio: Cedarville University.
Hafez, M. και Mullins, C. (2015). ‘The Radicalization Puzzle: A Theoretical Synthesis of Empirical Approaches to Homegrown Extremism’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (11): 958-975.
Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: its Psychology, and its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education. New York: Appleton.
Hoffman B. (1998). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press
Hoffman, A. και Schweitzer, Y. (2015). ‘Cyber Jihad in the Service of the Islamic State’, Strategic Assessment, 18 (1): 71-81
Horgan, J. (2005) The Psychology of Terrorism. London and New York: Routledge.
Innes, M. και Levi, M. (2012). ‘Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism’. Σε Maguire, M., Morgan, R. και Reiner, E. (επιμ.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2010). The Role of Civil Society in Counter-Radicalization and De-Radicalization, http://www.strategicdialogue.org/PPN%20Paper%20%20Community%20Engagement_FORWEBSITE.pdf
Jenkins, B. (2011). ‘Is Al Qaeda’s Internet Strategy Working?’, Rand Corporation, CT-371, Testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, 6.12.2011, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/2011/RAND_CT371.pdf)
King, M. και Taylor, D. (2011). ‘The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 23 (4): 602-622.
Lyons-Padilla, S., Gelfrand, M., Mirahmadi, H., Farooq, M. και van Egmond, M. (2015). ‘Belonging Nowhere: Marginalization and Radicalization Risk Among Muslim Immigrants’, Behavioral Science & Policy, 1 (2): 1-12.
Malthaner, S. και Waldmann, P. (2014). ‘The Radical Milieu: Conceptualizing the Supportive Social Environment of Terrorist Groups’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37 (12): 979-998.
Manning White, D. (1950). ‘The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in the Selection of News’, Journalism Quarterly, 27(4): 383-390.
Marks, P. (2014). ‘How ISIS Is Winning the Online War for Iraq’, New Scientist, 25.6.2014, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25788-how-isis-is-winning-the-online-war-for-iraq/
Marlatt, E.G. (2015). Lone Wolf Terrorism – A Brief Bibliography, Compilation prepared by the Homeland Security Digital Library, Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, CA: Center for Homeland Defense and Security.
McAllister, B. και Schmid, P.A. (2013). ‘Theories of Terrorism’. Σε Schmid, P.A. (επιμ.) The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, London-New York: Routledge
McAra, L. και McVie, S. (2012). ‘Critical Debates in Developmental and Life-Course Criminology’. Σε Maguire, M., Morgan, R. και Reiner, E. (επιμ.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mubaraz, A. και Fred Lloyd, G. (2016). A War of Key-Words: How Extremists Are Exploiting the Internet and What to Do About It. Center on Religion and Geopolitics / Digitalis Reputation, Tony Blair Faith Foundation.
Neumann R.P. (2013), ‘The trouble with Radicalization’, International Affairs 89: 4 (2013) 873–893, The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Oxford, Main: John Wiley & Sons.
Νόιμαν, Π. (2016). Οι Νέοι Τζιχαντιστές. Αθήνα: Διάμετρος.
Μάζης, Ι. (2005). «Τα Αίτια της Τρομοκρατίας και οι Δυνατότητες Αναίρεσής της», Γεωστρατηγική, 7: 17-43.
Nacos, B. L. (2007). Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. New York - Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Πάνος Δ. και Θεοχάρους Σ. (2015). «Η Στρατηγική της Θηριωδίας: Η Επικοινωνιακή Πολιτική του ISIS και η Πρόκληση των Ορίων Δεοντολογίας των Μέσων», Ζητήματα Επικοινωνίας (Communication Issues), Τευχ. 20-21:133-148, Αθήνα: Καστανιώτης
Pantucci, R. (2011). A Typology of Lone Wolves: Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. London: The International Center for the Study of Radicalization and Political Violence – ICSR.
Rice, S. (2009). ‘Emotions and Terrorism Research: A Case for a Social-Psychological Agenda, Journal of Criminal Justice, 37: 248-255.
Rice, S. και Agnew, R. (2013). ‘Emotional Correlates of Radicalization and Terrorism’. Σε Helfgott, J. (επιμ.) Criminal Psychology. Westport: Praeger.
Rivera J.D. (2016), The Symbiotic Relationship between Western Media and Terrorism, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/ethics_online/0117
Ryan L. (2014), “Al-Qaida and ISIS use twitter differently. Here's how and why”, National Journal Daily, 10.10.2014,
Seib, P. (2008). “The al-Qaeda Media Machine”. Military Review, 88(3), p.74-80
Schmid, A. (2013α) Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
Schmid, A. (2013β) (επιμ.) The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. London and New York: Routledge.
Shoemaker, P.J. και Vos, T.P. (2009). Gatekeeping Theory. New York: Routledge
Spaaij, R. (2012). ‘Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism’, Springer Briefs in Criminology, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2981-0_2.
START Report (2014). The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant: Branding, Leadership Culture and Lethal Attraction. Baltimore: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence.
Stempel, G.H. III (1985). ‘Gatekeeping: The Mix of Topics and the Selection of Stories’, Journalism Quarterly 62 (4): 791-96.
Stevens, T. και Neumann R.P. (2009). Countering Online Radicalization – A Strategy for Action, Policy Report. London: International Center for the Study of Radicalization and Political Violence- ICSR.
Talbot, D. (2014). Terror’s Server. MIT Technology Review.
Talbot, D. (2015). ‘Fighting ISIS Online: The Lonely Efforts to Counteract ISIS’s Mastery of Social Media’, MIT Technology Review, 30.9.2015, http://www.technologyreview.com/review/541801/fighting-isis-online/
Taylor, M. και Horgan, J. (2012). A Conceptual Framework for Addressing Psychological Process in the Development of the Terrorist. Σε Horgan, J. και Braddock, K. (επιμ.) Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge.
Torres Soriano, M. R. (2008), “Terrorism and the mass Media after al Qaeda: A change of course?”, Athena Intelligence Journal, 3(2), p. 1-20.
TTSRL (2008). Radicalisation, Recruitment and the EU Counter-Radicalisation Strategy. Brussels: Transnational Terrorism, Security & the Rule of Law.
Veilleux – Lepage, Y. (2014). ‘Retweeting the Caliphate: The Role of Soft - Sympathizers in the Islamic State’s Social Media Strategy’, Presented at the 6th International Symposium on Terrorism and Transnational Crime, Antalya, Turkey, December 4 -7, 2014.
Vitale, H. M. και Keagle, J.M. (2014). ‘A Time to Tweet, as Well as a Time to Kill: ISIS’, Project of Power in Iraq and Syria, Institute for National Strategic Studies,
Weimann, G. (2004). ‘How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report 116. Washington D.C: United States Institute of Peace.
Weimann, G. (2006). Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Winter, C. (2015). ‘The Virtual Caliphate: Understanding Islamic State’s Propaganda Strategy’. Quilliam Foundation, July 2015.
Wright, E.J. και Bachman, M. (2015). ‘Inciting Criminal Violence: An Examination of Al-Qaeda’s Persuasive Devices in the Digital World’, Journal of Terrorism Research, 6(2): 70-82.
