Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs
Résumé
Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is the most common disease of the cervical spine in large and giant breed dogs. Its exact aetiology is not known and the relevant pathophysiology is not clear; two clinical entities are currently recognised: disc-associated and osseous-associated spinal cord compression. History and clinical signs are indicative of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although its neurologic manifestation can vary from cervical pain only to tetraparesis and respiratory compromise. Imaging of the spine is fundamental for definitive diagnosis and includes radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It is also the cornerstone of surgical planning. This is usually based on the subjective concept of dynamic or static compressive lesions. Among the advanced imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to myelography for diagnosis of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although, at present, these techniques can be considered complementary.
Furthermore, attention is drawn to the false positive interpretations of magnetic resonance findings, which are related to clinically irrelevant spinal cord compression. Hence, the degree of agreement between neuroanatomic localization and neuroimaging is of the outmost importance. Conservative treatment consists of strict restriction of the animal and the use of steroid or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective of surgical treatment is to decompress the spinal cord. However, the decision-making process of surgical treatment is more complicated, because a large number of different surgical techniques have been proposed. Adjacent segment disease is a controversial complication of the surgical treatment of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and recently introduced motion-preserving techniques are targeted on reducing its occurrence. Significant prognostic information for focal parenchymal damage may derive from magnetic resonance imaging studies, but this remains to be further clarified.
Article Details
- Comment citer
-
MOUZAKITIS (Η.Ν. ΜΟΥΖΑΚΙΤΗΣ) E. N., KAZAKOS (Γ.Μ. ΚΑΖΑΚΟΣ) G. M., PATSIKAS (Μ.Ν. ΠΑΤΣΙΚΑΣ) M. N., & POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S. (2017). Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 64(4), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15505
- Numéro
- Vol. 64 No 4 (2013)
- Rubrique
- Review Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
· Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
· Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (preferably in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Téléchargements
Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.
Références
Adamo PF (2011) Cervical arthroplasty in two dogs with disk associated cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:808-817.
Adamo PF, Kobayashi H, Markel M, Vanderby R (2007) In vitro biomechanical comparison of cervical disk artroplasty, ventral slot procedure and smooth pins with polymethylmethacrylate at treated and adjacent canine cervical motion units. Vet Surg 36:729-741.
Agnello KA, Kapatkin AC, Garcia TC, Hayashi K, Welihotzkiy AT, Stover SM (2010) Intervertebral biomechanics of locking compression plate monocortical fixation of the canine cevical spine. Vet Surg 39:991-1000.
Bagley RS, Gavin PR, Holmes SP (2009) Diagnosis of spinal disease. In: (Bagley RS, Gavin PR) Practical Small Animal MRI. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa, p. 123-226.
Barone G, Z iemer LS, Shofer FS, Steinberg SA (2002) Risk factors associated with development of seizures after use of iohexol for myelography in dogs: 182 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1499-1502.
Bergman RL, Levine JM, Coates JR, Bahr A, Hettlich BF, Kerwin SC (2008) Cervical spinal locking plate in combination with cortical ring allograft for a one level fusion in dogs with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Vet Surg 37:530-536.
Bruecker KA, Seim HB, Withrow SJ (1989) Clinical evaluation of three surgical methods for treatment of caudal cervical
spondylomyelopathy of dogs. Vet Surg 18:197-203.
Chen AV, Bagley RS (2009) Treatment of canine cervical spondylomyelopathy. A critical review. In: (Bonagura JD, Twedt DC) Kirk ‘s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Saunders, Misouri, pp. 1088-1093.
Cherone KL, Dewey CW, Coates JR, Bergman RL (2004) A retrospective comparison of cervical intervertebral disk disease in non chondrodystrophic large dogs versus small dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:316-320.
Corlazzoni D (2008) Bicortical implant insertion in caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: a computed tomography simulation in affected Dobermans pinchers. Vet Surg 37:178-185.
da Costa RC (2010) Cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome) in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:881-913.
da Costa RC, Echandi RL, Beauchamp D (2011b) Computed tomography myelographic findings in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53:64-70.
da Costa RC, Parent JM (2007) One year clinical and magnetic resonance imaging follow up in Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically or surgically. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:243-250.
da Costa RC, Parent JM, Dobson H (2011a) Incidence of and risk factors for seizures after myelography performed with iohexol in dogs: 503 cases (2002-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1296- 1300.
da Costa RC, Parent J, Dobson H, Holmberg D, Partlow G (2006b) Comparison of magnetic resonanse imaging and myelography in 18 Doberman pinscher dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:526-531.
da Costa RC, Parent JM, Holmberg DL, Sinclair D, Monteith G (2008) Outcome of medical and surgical tretament in dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy: 104 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1284-1290.
da Costa R, Parent J, Partlow G, Dobson H, Holmberg D, LaMarre J (2006a) Morphologic and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging features of Doberman Pinchers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy. Am J Vet Res 67:1601-1612.
da Costa RC, Poma R, Parent JM, Partlow G, Monteith G (2006c) Correlation of motor evoked potentials with magnetic resonanse imaging and neurologicic findings in Dobermans pinchers with and without signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy. Am J Vet Res 67:1613-1620.
da Costa RC, Samii VF (2010) Advanced imaging of the spine in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:765-790.
De Decker S, Bhatti SF, Duchateau L, Martle VA, Van Soens I, Van Meervene SA, Saunders JH, Van Ham LM (2009b) Clinical evaluation of 51 dogs treated conservatively for disk associated wobbler syndrome in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 50:136-142.
De Decker S, Bhatti S, Gielen I, Van Ham L (2009a) Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of disc associated Wobbler syndrome in dogs. European J Comp Anim Pract 19:133-139.
De Decker S, Caemaert J, Tshamala MC, Gielen IM, Van Bree HJ, Bosmans T, Wegge B, Van Ham LM (2011c) Surgical treatment of disk-associated wobbler syndrome by a distractable vertebral titanium cage in seven dogs. Vet Surg 40:544-554.
De Decker S, Gielen IM, Duchateau L, Corso-Menendez M, van Bree HJ, Kromhout K, Bosmans T, Van Ham LM (2011a) Intraobsrever, interobserver and intermethod agreement for results of myelography, computed tomography myelography and low field magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with disc-associated wobbler syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1601-1608.
De Decker S, Gielen IM, Duchateau L, Lang J, Dennis R, Corzo-Menendez N, van Bree HJ, Van Soens I, Binst DH, Waelbers T, Van Ham LM (2011b) Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for results of low field magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with and without clinical signs of disc associated wobbler syndrome in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:74-80.
De Decker S, Gielen IM, Duchateau L, Oevermann A, Polis I, Van Soens I, van Bree HJ, Van Ham LM (2012b) Evolution of clinical signs and predictors of outcome after conservative medical treatment for disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:848-857.
De Decker S, Gielen IM, Duchateau L, van Bree HJ, Waelbers T, Bavegems V, Van Ham LM (2012a) Morphometric dimensions of the caudal cervical vertebral column in clinically normal Doberman Pinchers, English Foxhounds and Doberman Pinchers with clinical signs of disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy. The Veterinary Journal 191:52-57.
De Decker S, Gielen IM, Duchateau L, Van Soens I, Bavegems V, Bosmans T, van Bree HJ, Van Ham LM (2010) Low field magnetic resonance imaging findings of the caudal portion of the cervical region in clinically normal Doberman pinchers and Foxhounds. Am J Vet Res 71:428-434
De Risio L, Munana K, Murray M, Olby N, Sharp NJ, Cuddon P (2002) Dorsal laminectomy for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: postoperative recovery and long term follow up in 20 dogs. Vet Surg 31:418-427.
Eagleson JS, Diaz J, Platt SR, Kent M, Levine JM, Sharp NJ, Schatzberg SJ (2009) Cervical vertebral malformation malarticulation syndrome in the Bernese mountain dog:clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features. J Small Anim Pract 50:186-193.
Goring RL, Beale BS, Faulkner RF (1991) The inverted cone decompression technique: a surgical treatment for cervival vertebral instability “Wobbler syndrome” in Doberman pinchers. Part I. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:403-409.
Hayward R (2003) VOMIT (victims of modern imaging technology)- an acronym for our times. Br Med J 326:1273.
Hettlich BF, Fosgate GT, Levine JM, Young BD, Kerwin SC, Walker M, Griffin J, Maierl J (2010) Accuracy of conventional radiography and computed tomography in predicting implant position in relation to the vertebral canal in dogs. Vet Surg 39:680-687.
Jeffery ND, McKee WM (2001) Surgery for disc associated wobbler syndrome in the dog-an examination of the controversy. J Small Anim Pract 42:574-581.
Johnson JA, da Costa RC, Bhattacharya S, Goel V, Allen MJ (2011) Kinematic motion patterns of the cranial and caudal canine cervical spine. Vet Surg 40:720-727.
Lemarie RJ, Kerwin SC, Partington BP, Hosgood G (2000) Vertebral subluxation following ventral cervical decompression in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:348-358.
Levitski RE, Chauvet AE, Lipsitz D (1999) Cervical myelopathy associated with extradural synovial cysts in 4 dogs. J Vet Int Med 13:181-186.
Lewis DG (1989) Cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome) in dog: a study based on 224 cases. J Small Anim Pract 30:657-665.
Lewis DG (1991) Radiological assessment of the cervical spine of the doberman with reference to cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Small Anim Pract 32:75-82.
Mastronardi L, Elsawaf A, Roperto R, Bozao A, Caroli M, Ferrante M, Ferrante L (2007) Prognostic relevance of the postoperative evolution of intramedullary spinal cord changes in signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging after anterior decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine 7:615-622.
Matis U (2002) AO spinal implants for canine Wobbler syndrome. Proceedings of 1st World Orthopaedic Veterinary Congress (Munich, Germany) pp. 137-138.
McKee WM, Butterworth SJ, Scott HW (1999) Management of cervical spondylopathy associated intervertebral disk protrusions using metal washers in 78 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 40:465-472.
McKee WM, Sharp NJ (2003) Cervical spondylopathy. In: (Slatter DH) Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 1180-1193.
McKee WM, Lavelle RB, Mason TA (1989) Vertebral stabilisation for cervical spondylopathy using a screw and washer technique. J Small Anim Pract 30:337-342.
Parent J (2010) Clinical approach and lesion localization in patients with spinal disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 40:733-753.
Penderis J, Dennis R (2004) Use of traction during magnetic resonanse imaging of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome) in the dog. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:216-219.
Platt SR, da Costa RC (2012) Cervical spine. In: (Tobias KM, Johnston SA) Veterinary Surgery Small Animal. Elsevier Saunders, Missouri, pp. 410-448.
Queen JP, Goughlan AR, May C, Benett D, Penderis J (1998) Management of disc associated wobbler syndrome with a partial slot fenestration and position screw technique. J Small Anim Pract 39:131-136.
Robertson I, Thrall DE (2011) Imaging dogs with suspected disc herniation: pros and cons of myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:581-584.
Rusbridge C, Wheeler SJ, Torrington AM, Pead MJ, Carmichael S (1998) Comparison of two surgical techniques for the management of cervical spondylomyelopathy in dobermanns. J Small Anim Pract 39:425-431.
Salari B, McAfee PC (2012) Cervical total disc replacement- Complications and Avoidance. Orthop Clin N Am43:97-107.
Seim HB, Withrow SJ (1982) Pathophysiology and diagnosis of caudal cervical spondylo-myelopathy with emphasis on the Doberman Pinscher. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 18:241–251
Shamir MH, Chai O, Loeb E (2008) A method for intervertebral space distraction before stabilization combined with complete ventral slot for treatment of disc associated wobbler syndrome in dogs. Vet Surg 37:186-192.
Sharp NJ, Cofone M, Robertson ID, DeCarlo A, Smith GK, Thrall DE (1995) Computed tomography in the evaluation of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy of the Doberman pincher. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 36:100-108.
Sharp NJ, Wheeler SJ (2005) Small Animal Spinal Disorders- Diagnosis and Surgery, 2nd edn. Elsevier Mosby, Edinburgh.
Sharp NJ, Wheeler SJ, Cofone M (1992) Radiological evaluation of wobbler syndrome-caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Small Anim Pract 33:491-499.
Steffen F, Voss K, Morgan JP (2011) Distraction-fusion for caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy using an intervertebral cage and locking plates in 14 dogs. Vet Surg 40:743-752.
Trotter EJ (2009) Cervical spine locking plate fixation for treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in large breed dogs dogs. Vet Surg 38:705-718.
Upadhyaya CD, Wu JS, Trost G, Haid RW, Traynelis VS, Tay B, Coric D, Mummaneni PV (2012) Analysis of the three United States Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption cervical arthroplasty trials.J Neurosurg Spine 16:216-228.
Vite CH, Cross JR (2011) Correlating magnetic resonance imaging findings with neuropathology and clinical signs in dogs and cats. J Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:S23-S31.
Watine S, Cabassu JP, Catheland S, Brochier L, Ivanoff S (2006) Computed tomography study of implantation corridors in canine vertebrae. J Small Anim Pract 47:651-657.
