Το δίλημμα μη αυτενέργειας vs. πρόκλησης στον λόγo των νέων περί θυματοποίησης


Δημοσιευμένα: jul 3, 2023
Λέξεις-κλειδιά:
θυματοποίηση αυτενέργεια προκλητικότητα διάκριση εκφοβισμός
Κυριακή Καραγιάννη
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3360-7541
Αντώνης Σαπουντζής
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6873-0515
Περίληψη

Η ψυχολογική θεωρία και έρευνα στην σχολική βία και στον εκφοβισμό έχει συνδέσει
το προφίλ του θύματος με χαρακτηριστικά ευαλωτότητας και την έλλειψη όποιας
αντίδρασης, χωρίς συχνά να γίνεται λόγος για εναλλακτικές κατασκευές της
ταυτότητας του θύματος. Αυτή η γραμμή έρευνας προσεγγίζει τα θύματα ως άτομα
που ανήκουν σε ομάδες χαμηλού κύρους και συνεπώς που κατέχουν μία λιγότερο
κυρίαρχη θέση στην ομάδα συνομηλίκων. Ενώ η κοινωνιο-ψυχολογική έρευνα που
βασίζεται στη θεώρηση της κοινωνικής ταυτότητας υποστηρίζει πως οι νέοι που
θυματοποιούνται μπορεί να επενδύουν σε μία κοινή ταυτότητα, το παρόν άρθρο
συζητά πώς οι νέοι στις καθημερινές αλληλεπιδράσεις τους μπορεί να
απομακρύνονται από τη θέση του αδύναμου θύματος. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης
είναι να αναλύσει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο κατασκευάζεται η ταυτότητα του θύματος
στον λόγο των νέων για τον εκφοβισμό και την βία. Για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων,
χρησιμοποιούνται έννοιες/εργαλεία της λογο-ψυχολογίας και της ρητορικής
ψυχολογίας. Ενώ αναδείχτηκαν ορισμένα διλήμματα θυματοποίησης, βασικό μέλημα
των συμμετεχόντων/ουσών ήταν να μην τοποθετηθούν οι ίδιοι/-ες ως θύματα. Η
ταυτότητα του θύματος συχνά συνδεόταν με την απουσία αυτενέργειας και με την
ήπια προκλητικότητα. Oι θύτες συχνά αξιολογούνταν ως παράλογα επιθετικά άτομα,
ωστόσο σε άλλες περιπτώσεις οι συμμετέχοντες/-ουσες τόνιζαν την προκλητικότητα
του θύματος ή την υπερβολική του παθητικότητα.

Λεπτομέρειες άρθρου
  • Ενότητα
  • ΕΜΠΕΙΡΙΚΕΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ
Λήψεις
Τα δεδομένα λήψης δεν είναι ακόμη διαθέσιμα.
Αναφορές
Bibou-Nakou, I., Tsiantis, J., Assimopoulos, H., Chatzilambou, P., & Giannakopoulou, D. (2012). School factors related to bullying: A qualitative study of early adolescent students. Social Psychology of Education, 15(2), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-012-9179-1
Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2019). Victim and perpetrator groups’ divergent perspectives on collective violence: Implications for intergroup relations. Political Psychology, 40, 75-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12570
Billig, M. (1991). Ideology and opinions: Studies in rhetorical psychology. Sage.
Billig, M. (1996). Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Billig, M. (2005). Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour. Sage.
Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley, A.R. (1988). Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking. Sage.
Bozatzis, N. (2014). The Discursive Turn in Social Psychology: Four Nodal Debates. In N. Bozatzis & T. Dragona (Eds.), The discursive turn is social psychology (pp. 25-50). Taos Institute Worldshare Books.
Burke, S. E., & LaFrance, M. (2016). Lay conceptions of sexual minority groups. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(3), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0655-5
Clarke, V., Kitzinger, C., & Potter, J. (2004). ‘Kids are just cruel anyway’: Lesbian and gay parents' talk about homophobic bullying. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43(4), 531-550. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144666042565362
Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M., & Sandfort, T. G. (2012). Intergroup contact, attitudes toward homosexuality, and the role of acceptance of gender non-conformity in young adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.12.010
Douglas, K. M., & McGarty, C. (2001). Identifiability and self‐presentation: Computer‐mediated communication and intergroup interaction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(3), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164894
Edley, N. (2001). Analysing masculirity: Interpretative repertoires, ideological dilemmas and subject position. In M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, & S. J. Yates (Eds.), Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis (pp. 189–228). Sage (OU Press).
Edwards, D. (1999). Emotion discourse. Culture & Psychology, 5(3), 271-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9953001
Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (2005). Discursive psychology, mental states and descriptions. In H. T. Molder & J. Potter (Eds.), Conversation and Cognition (pp. 241–259). Cambridge University Press.
Fousiani, K., Michaelides, M., & Dimitropoulou, P. (2019). The effects of ethnic group membership on bullying at school: When do observers dehumanize bullies? The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(4), 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1505709
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x
Greenland, K., Andreouli, E., Augoustinos, M., & Taulke-Johnson, R. (2018). What constitutes ‘discrimination’ in everyday talk? Argumentative lines and the social representations of discrimination. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 37(5), 541-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X18762588
Guerra, N. G., Williams, K. R., & Sadek, S. (2011). Understanding bullying and victimization during childhood and adolescence: A mixed methods study. Child Development, 82(1), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01556.x
Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., & Levine, M. (2012). When other people are heaven, when other people are hell: How social identity determines the nature and impact of social support. In J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social cure: Identity, health and well-being (pp. 157-174). Psychology Press.
Hopkins, N., & Reicher, S. (2014). A social psychology of category construction. In N. Bozatzis & T. Dragona (Eds.), The discursive turn in social psychology (pp. 75-94). Taos Institute Worldshare Books.
Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation Analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13-31). Benjamins.
Jones, S. E., Bombieri, L., Livingstone, A. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2012). The influence of norms and social identities on children's responses to bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(2), 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02023.x
Jones, S. E., Haslam, S. A., York, L., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). Rotten apple or rotten barrel? Social identity and children's responses to bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151007X200385
Klein, O., Spears, R., & Reicher, S. (2007). Social identity performance: Extending the strategic side of the SIDE model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 28 – 45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294588
Koepke, S., Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2014). “She Deserved It”: Effects of sexism norms, type of violence, and victim’s pre-assault behavior on blame attributions toward female victims and approval of the aggressor’s behavior. Violence Against Women, 20(4), 446-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214528581
Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., & Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.004
Lytle, A., & Levy, S. R. (2015). Reducing heterosexuals’ prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women via an induced cross-orientation friendship. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(4), 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000135
McNeill, A., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2020). We all suffered!” –The role of power in rhetorical strategies of inclusive victimhood and its consequences for intergroup relations. In J. R. Vollhardt (Ed.), The social psychology of collective victimhood. Oxford University Press.
Με «δάσκαλο εμπιστοσύνης» απαντά το Υπουργείο στον ξυλοδαρμό του μαθητή σε σχολείο [“Teacher of Trust” is the answer to the student’s beating in school]. (2020, February 2). Efsyn. Retrieved from: https://www.efsyn.gr/ellada/ekpaideysi/231115_me-daskalo-empistosynis-apanta-ypoyrgeio-ston-xylodarmo-mathiti-se-sholeio
Moyano, N., & del Mar Sanchez-Fuentes, M. (2020). Homophobic bullying at schools: A systematic review of research, prevalence, school-related predictors and consequences. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 53, 101441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101441
Noor, M., Vollhardt, J. R., Mari, S., & Nadler, A. (2017). The social psychology of collective victimhood. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2300
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86(4), 852-875. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.852
Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2013). The intimate partner violence stigmatization model and barriers to help seeking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746599
Phoenix, A., Frosh, S., & Pattman, R. (2003). Producing contradictory masculine subject positions: Narratives of threat, homophobia and bullying in 11–14 year old boys. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.t01-1-00011
Potter, J. (2014). Making Psychology Relevant. In N. Bozatzis & T. Dragona (Eds.), The discursive turn is social psychology (pp. 87-94). Taos Institute Worldshare Books.
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. Sage.
Pouwels, J. L., van Noorden, T. H., Lansu, T. A., & Cillessen, A. H. (2018). The participant roles of bullying in different grades: Prevalence and social status profiles. Social Development, 27(4), 732-747. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12294
Rampullo, A., Castiglione, C., Licciardello, O., & Scolla, V. (2013). Prejudice toward gay men and lesbians in relation to cross-group friendship and gender. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.557
Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001a). Psychology and the end of history: A critique and a proposal for the psychology of social categorization. Political Psychology, 22(2), 383-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00246
Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001b). Self and nation. Sage.
Reicher, S. D., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (1995). A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena. European Review of Social Psychology, 6(1), 161-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779443000049
Runions, K. C., & Bak, M. (2015). Online moral disengagement, cyberbullying, and cyber-aggression. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(7), 400-405. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0670
Schacter, H. L., Greenberg, S., & Juvonen, J. (2016). Who's to blame?: The effects of victim disclosure on bystander reactions to cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.018
Sentse, M., Kiuru, N., Veenstra, R., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). A social network approach to the interplay between adolescents’ bullying and likeability over time. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1409-1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0129-4
Shnabel, N., & Nadler, A. (2015). The role of agency and morality in reconciliation processes: The perspective of the needs-based model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(6), 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415601625
Sintihaki, P. (2019, July 8). Ένας χρόνος χωρίς τον Νικόλα [A year without Nicolas]. Color Youth. https://rainbowschool.gr/2019/07/08/ενασ-χρονοσ-χωρισ-το-νικολα/
Smile of the Child, & Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs (2022). Γίνομαι εθελοντής – υπερασπίζομαι τα δικαιώματά μου [Becoming a volunteer – defending my rights] (Government’s Gazette: Φ.2.1/ΜΓ/75735/120154/Δ7).
Stevenson, C., McNamara, N., & Muldoon, O. (2014). Stigmatised identity and service usage in disadvantaged communities: Residents', community workers' and service providers' perspectives. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(6), 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2184
Thunberg, S., & Bruck, K. A. (2020). Young victims’ positioning: Narrations of victimhood and support. International Review of Victimology, 26(2), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758019854950
Turner, I., Reynolds, K. J., Lee, E., Subasic, E., & Bromhead, D. (2014). Well-being, school climate, and the social identity process: a latent growth model study of bullying perpetration and peer victimization. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000074
van Noorden, T. H., Cillessen, A. H., Haselager, G. J., Lansu, T. A., & Bukowski, W. M. (2017). Bullying involvement and empathy: Child and target characteristics. Social Development, 26(2), 248-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12197
Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and poststructuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society, 9, 387–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926598009003005
Wood, H. (2010). From media and identity to mediated identity. In M. Wetherell & C. T. Mohanty (Eds.), The Sage handbook of identities (pp. 258-276). Sage.
Wooffitt, R. (1992). Telling tales of the unexpected: The organization of factual accounts. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Τα περισσότερο διαβασμένα άρθρα του ίδιου συγγραφέα(s)